Journal of Garmian University

Abstract ئەو پەیوەندییەی لەنێوان زمان و كۆمەڵدا هەیە بە كۆمەڵێك یاسای كۆمەڵایەتی و یاسای دادوه‌ری ڕێكخراوە، بە ئامانجی پاراستن و بەردەوامیدان بە پەیوەندییە كۆمەڵایەتییەكان و بونیادنانى كۆمەڵگایەكى زمان تۆكمە و باڵاى پڕ لە جواندەربڕبن و دووركەوتنەوە له‌ به‌كارهێنانی ئه‌و ده‌ربڕاوه‌ زمانییانه‌ی، كه‌ توندوتیژی كۆمه‌ڵایه‌تی و تاوانی زمانییان لێده‌كه‌وێته‌وه‌، چونكه‌ زمان دیاریدەیەكى كۆمەڵایەتى و كەلتوورییه‌، تاكەكان ناچارن بەكارهێنانییەوە و دەبێت بەپێی یاسا دادوه‌ریی و كۆمەڵایەتییەكانى ئەو كۆمەڵه‌ ڕەفتاربكەن و شێوازى قسەكردنیشیان بەپێ ئه‌و یاسایانه‌ بێت، بە پێچەوانەوە دەرچوون لە یاساكان و جێبه‌جێنه‌كردنیان، تاك تووشی توندوتیژی و تاوانی زمانیی ده‌كاته‌وه‌ و به‌ سزایی جۆراوجۆر سزاده‌درێت.‌

Abstract The Enlightenment movement was a comprehensive and multi-dimensional movement that covered Europe and the West,  then extended to other regions. The message of this movement included many social, religious, political, class , and other fields. Within the ranks of the Kurdish nation, poets took upon themselves this mission and their poetic message was warning society a gains. Under development, injustice and illiteracy. Among them is Sheikh Baba Ali (Bedar) (1894-1949), one of the most famous Kurdish poets. This poet tried to educate his community about illiteracy, ignorance, deception of so-called religious people, oppression, and national victory with his poetic message, and the writer must convey his message to the readers. Although this topic has been the subject of much research, no academic research has been written about Bedar’s poems that carry this message, so we took upon ourselves this task. Yes, we did our research. Our goal is to put the poet’s poems in the light of research that carries an intellectual message and the level of the poet’s intellectual awareness of his life and problems for discussion and research. Therefore, we adopted the descriptive and analytical approach in the research, and we have done our best. The study consists of a summary, introduction, chapters, and a list of sources. The first part presents terms, definitions, intellectual characteristics, and the poet’s biography. The second part is practical practice.

Abstract Animals have had ancient friendships with humans throughout the history of human civilization, many of which have become symbols and carriers of good and undesirable traits of human personality. Symbol is used in literature as an artistic and moral phenomenon and is part of shortcuts, intended to concentrate a broad belief and has developed as an aesthetic, psychological and social function. In this research, an attempt has been made to show the personality of Kurdish people in general and Kirkuk and Garmian regions in particular through the symbols of animals in the proverbs and sayings of that region. This study is divided into three main sections, the first of which is theoretical, and the others are practical. The first section attempts to interpret the concept of symbol in terms of its relationship to proverbs, animals, and personalities. The second section discusses the symbolism of domestic animals on the margins of human personality. In the third section, the symbols of wild animals are taken, and human personality is shown. In the same section, through a table of different personalities, which are depicted with animal symbols, classified and the proportion of positive and negative personalities in Kirkuk and Garmian proverbs was revealed.

Abstract This research entitled (gully erosion from BawShaswar basin) (A Study of Climate Geomorphology) is a research related to both climate and geomorphology, because climate is the most important factor The occurrence of external geomorphological processes, and climate species play an important role in the amount of erosion, either directly or indirectly. The aim of this study is to determine the strength & size of the gully erosion and its spatial differences in the BawShaswar basin, using aerial images (landsat Dem 30m) program (10.5Arc Gis), while studying and identifying the factors contributing to the increase Presence of central erosion size. The area of BawShaswar basin is (303.60) km2 In terms of tectonic conditions, it is located in the unstable edge area that is part of the Arabian-African plate, in the zone of pegs, the study concluded that, in general, the basin falls within it More precisely, the minimum area of the reservoir (13.57%) falls within the framework of very little water removal While the maximum area of the watershed (86.43%) falls within the framework of central removal and high removal, because each of the factors (climate, natural vegetation, salinity degree and direction of salinity, geological structure) contribute to Large amount of candy removal in the water tank. Large amounts of removal have affected the soil in terms of soil degradation and the formation of nuclei and soil shrinkage, as well as weakening the soil capacity by washing away the soil and transporting some of its minerals

Abstract This research is entitled  (Sufism in terms of position and guidance in Shakali's poetry). In addition to praising the poet's poetic foundation, he presents concepts and terms within the framework of Sufism, taking into account the religious and literary environment of Shakali; It presents the position, guidance and its types in the poet's poems. The research relies on multiple methods such as praise analysis and psycho-sociological methods. The scope of the research also revolves around Shakali's Sufi religious texts. The research consists of an introduction, an introduction, three topics, conclusions and a list of sources. The gateway to the research is about the life of the poet. The first topic, entitled Sufism in Shakali's Diwan, is devoted to presenting the poet's position in the field of Sufi literature, with the concept and terms of Sufism, and in two points (Shake's sect, Murshid Shakali) explained. The second topic of the study, called Maqam in Shakali's Poems, has tried to present the suspension to Shakayi through the presentation of religious maqams such as (Tawba, Zuhd, Wara...). The third topic, entitled “Guidance between the disciple and the murshid (Shakali and Sheikh Osmani Naqshbandi), is devoted to discussing the ways in which the poet Shakali as a disciple guided the murshid (Sheikh Osmani). In this topic, the research is divided into three points: (Guidance by sight, guidance by conversation, guidance by service) in the poet's poetry. With the presentation of the results of the research and a list of sources.

Abstract The paper entitled “Ahmadi Shakali's Viewpoints of the Prophet of God” attempts to present one of the main contents of Kurdish poetry, which is religious content. This has long existed and for this purpose poets have devoted some of their texts. Poetry has been considered a high literary genre since the time of the Greeks. It had various roles and its magic and influence have been felt by philosophers and literary critics either as an artistic aspect and aesthetic virtue or as a pleasure and value, which the poets utilize and influences the readers’ mind and heart. Simultaneously, it is a meaningful cognitive aspect that has a multidimensional content, where each dimension owns its thought, aim, and purpose. Ahmadi Shakeli is the most prominent Kurdish poet in Garmian, who has many religious-oriented poems. He has intended to express his love for the religion and the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Meanwhile, he inclined to express the qualities and characteristics of the Prophet through texts in order for the readers to get benefits in terms of mundane life or spiritually.

Abstract The Garmian region is one of the Kurdish regions that attracted the admiration of Arab and Muslim travelers. This is the region that I wrote a lot about, especially about many aspects of the region’s public and living life. Their information was useful and important, because it was written by people who visited the region, stayed in it, interacted with its people, or passed through it.      From here, in order to access a lot of information about the region, and to serve the Fourth International Scientific Conference of Garmian University, about their region, we wrote this research in two sections. In the first section, we touched the geographical location of the Garmian region and the writings of those Arab and Muslim travelers in the Middle Ages about the most important cities and important sites in the region. In the second section, we explained many aspects of administrative, religious, economic, social life, education, and other aspects in the region and in the Middle Ages. We concluded our research with several results reached by the researcher, with reference to the most important sources and references used in the research, and may God grant us success.

Abstract The Kurdistan region held a referendum on the independence of the region on September 2017, and according to the official results, the turnout was 76%. Where (92.73%) of the participants voted (yes) in favor of the independence of the region from Iraq, and (7.2%) voted (no). But nevertheless, the referendum had a significant negative impact on the Kurdistan region, especially in the Kurdish aria outside the KRG.  Kurdish areas in the province of Diyala, which administratively includes the Jalawla and Saadia districts of the Khanaqin district, with the beldroz district consisting of the Judicial Center, the mandali district and the qazaniya district, in addition to the Jabara and qaratapa districts of the Kafri district. The total study area is approximately (10250.9) km². To clarify the negative effects of the referendum, the study dealt with four important aspects that have a strong relationship to existence and national strategy. These aspects are: (elections and votes of Kurdish voters, education, demographic deterioration and changes, security and military aspect). The study reached several conclusions, including: the percentage of Kurdish votes in the study aria in the elections to the Iraqi Council of Representatives, as well as the provincial council elections held after the referendum, Arabization and demographic change in favor of the Arab population in the region significantly and in an unconstitutional way, as well as insecurity and forcing Kurds to leave their population by groups and militias in the region, with the aggravation of the crisis of education in the Kurdish language and the decline in enrollment in Kurdish schools.

Abstract It is obvious that to discuss dialects and genres, we refer to the approaches of Plato and Aristotle whom two approximately thousand and two hundred years were respected by the classical European critics which was hard to by pass them, their approaches were respected in the same way the churches and constitution of country were respected. They have classified the genres into lyric poetry, dramatic (Tragedy & Comedy) and epic with creating a strong limitations not to mix these genres because they were on the belief of purity type. But with appearance of the romancism, these limitations were reduced gradually and there was no purity type anymore, hence all the genres opened the arms for each other. But novel among all the literary genres has opened its arms most to the other genres and it can include various genres. Fatella novel of Mahabad Qaradaghi is one of the novels that has opened its arms to various genres like drama, biography (subjective and objective) despite its being a historical novel originally. That's why we try to point out and separate the genres that have penetrated and become the key factors to the novel.

Abstract Our research is entitled (Latif Helmet's duality of rebellion and revolution in his collection of poems). Rebellion and revolution are deep beliefs in political, social, cultural and intellectual changes, all in order to defend balance, achieve freedom and enjoy liberation. Latif Helmet's poetry is an attempt to understand and deepen the different periods of life and life of a nation, which believes that the spirit of rebellion and revolution has become a natural reality in the heart of the Kurdish individual, Especially in the times when the Kurdish opponents brutally tortured the lives of Kurdish people in order to maintain their dictatorial power. However, in Latif Helmet's collection of poems, the duality of rebellion and revolution does not always express upheaval, chaos, rejection, hatred and violence. Instead, the poet himself depicts the duality of rebellion and revolution as a broad area for the sake of survival, continuity, mutual understanding and reflection on the time, the environment and the inner essence of man. In this research, we have worked on the duality of rebellion and revolution in the collection of poet Latif Helmet. Rebellion and revolution are presented in terms of the concept and term, with several different definitions. At the same time, our research has not been empty of identifying the types of rebellion to present revolution and rebellion in the poet's collection; we have analyzed several different images. Consequently, we can say that intimacy is the strengthening of the individual or society as a strong basis for rejection. Many national principles and their imposition on the individual are a cause of rebellion.

Abstract The geographical position Kalar province has played an important role in the ancient history of Mesopotamia. The first step of civilization in Mesopotamia originated in the caves and shelters of the Zagros and extended through Garmian to central and southern Mesopotamia, So, Garmian was the bridge between the cultural and civilizational changes of Upper and Lower Mesopotamia. Kalar and its surroundings have been of political and economic importance. The region has been the link between civilizations such as southern Mesopotamia, Zagros and Iran. From the early Bronze Age to the middle Ages, it has maintained this important geographical position. This strategic position of the region has constantly faced attacks and occupations by successive states in southern Mesopotamia. This study attempts to introduce the ancient history of the region during the Bronze Age in the light of historical records and new archaeological discoveries.

Abstract Gamrian territory includes a large area from the southeast to the northwest of the Iraq-Kurdistan Region. There are different opinions on the name of the geographical boundaries of Garmian territory, so this study is an important scientific attempt to determinate the natural boundary of Garmian territory. Among the natural privacy to distinguish from Garmian territory from desert regions are high, low, climate, and natural vegetation.
The research includes two main topics, namely determining the natural boundaries of Garmian territory in Iraq-Kurdistan regions and the administrations units of Garmian territory in Kurdistan region. The results of the study, revealed that Garmian territory covers a large area of Iraqi Kurdistan Region, which comprises an area of 56267.24 km² and extends from the southeast to the northwest of the region. There are no differences between the dialects of Garmian and Garmaser. The difference is attributed to both sides of Sirwan river, in which on the side on the east of Sirwan river mostly they use Garmaser dialects, whereas on the west side of the river mostly they use Garmian.

Abstract The main reason for internal transportation in the world until today is roads, and this is due to simplicity, ease to use, quick response, etc., even in some areas as far the only reason for transportation such as Garmian. For this purpose, this study aims to indicate the geographical distribution of roads in the region, and for this purpose we have Using comparative and analytical methods, the research is divided into five main parts on the geographical distribution of highways at the regional level in the study area. The third section is the geographical distribution of highways according to the area of ​​the administrative units in the study area. The fourth section is the geographical distribution of highways according to the population of the administrative units in the study area. The fifth section is It is the geographical distribution of highways according to the area of ​​the administrative units in the study area, the geographical distribution of the terrain of the roads, and through it the researchers conclude that the roads are not according to Iraqi standards and are distributed unevenly in the region

Abstract               Semiotics is the science of signs that studies linguistic and non-linguistic signs, evidence and symbols, and it is called (semiology) in Western criticism. It has an important role in analyzing texts and revealing meanings, as it goes beyond the operative to what is visual. There are many semiology trends and schools in the field of Western thought. The aim of the study of semiology and applied texts is to search for meaning and significance and extract the logical and semantic generating structure of the texts.                Semiotics seeks to break the form of words and sentences in order to obtain meaning. that The semiology of time, as part of the multidimensional and general aspects of semiology, always tries to break the boundaries of words and sentences related to time, to give a new meaning to texts that are dominated by time.               This research focuses on the temporal signs in the poems of (Muhammad Amin Karim Beg Al-Jaf), known as (Mina Jaf 1911-1965). For the purpose of diving into the inner meanings and defining the signifier and the signified in his poems, Therefore, the research includes two main chapters. The first chapter is devoted to theoretical aspects and discusses the concept and definition of semiotics, the semiotics of time and time, and the history of the emergence of semiotics. As for the second chapter, it was devoted to temporal signs in the poet's poems, followed by the most important results, then a list of sources and references, and a summary of the research in both Arabic and English.

Abstract Surah Al-Anfal is in the eighth part of the Holy Qur’an. It consists of seventy-five verses. In the first verse, the Almighty recites to us (They ask you about Anfal. Say, “Anfal belongs to God and the Messenger”). The former Iraqi president, in the year 1988 AD, used the first verse in the Holy Qur’an from Surat Al-Anfal as a slogan for suppression and extermination. The Kurdish people and the Kurdish movement at that time crime of the Anfal operations, which began on February 22, 1988 and ended on September 6, 1988, occurred through eight stages. The subject of our research deals with the novel by the writer (Ahmed Muhammad Ismail) entitled (The Black Spring), the third stage of the Anfal. Research methodology: In this research, we used the two descriptive and analytical methodologies. And the historical approach. The defunct regime targeted each of the areas called Garmian located in a section of western Kirkuk Governorate (Tuz Khurmatu, Kalar, Kifri, and Cham Chamal). Whereas the loss in the third Anfal was only forty thousand Kurdish Muslim citizens, the devastation and destruction of hundreds of Kurdish villages, the loss in all the Anfals was one hundred and eighty-two thousand people and four thousand and five hundred villages were destroyed. Space-time in the novel (Black Spring) The term space-time is a combination of two words, space and time. The writer tells us the story of deportation and genocide in the Garmian region, which is rich in sheep breeding and agriculture. The people of the region are famous for their kindness, respect for guests, and tolerance of foreignness. The former regime built forced detention centers in central and southern Iraq, such as (Nagre Salman and Topzawa), and placed the detainees in mass graves while they were alive, after a small number of Anfal succeeded in escaping from the mass graves, arriving safely in the areas belonging to the Kurdistan Region, and revealing the location of the Anfal. And inform world opinion about this terrible issue. The research consists of an introduction and two sections. The first section consists of two branches. The first section is genocide through a verse from Surat Al-Anfal. The second section consists of explaining and defining the term space, time, and space-time from an intellectual standpoint. The first section of the second section consists of the application of space and time in the text of the novel. The second section includes the application of the term space-time from a practical standpoint in the aforementioned novel. Finally, the results of the study that the research reached and a list of sources were presented.

Abstract In this study, the analysis of population density in the study area has been discussed in terms of geographical location and distribution. The analytical method used in the study is based on quantitative and cartographic methods. Several methods were also used in the study statistics, such as Lorenz curve, population density, genetic coefficient, this is to show the patterns of distribution. In the end of the study, it is concluded that the population density in the study area is (30.5%), which means that (52415) people in the study area need to be relocated from the crowded neighborhoods and redistribute them to less crowded neighborhoods so as to balance the spatial distribution reach in the research area.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine the level of future anxiety among students in general and according to several demographic variables and to determine the level of decision making among students in general and according to several demographic variables. Measuring future anxiety based on the research criterion (Shalhoub, 2016) and relying on previous literature, and for the decision-making criterion based on the research criterion (Hamad and Abdul Razzaq, 2014). This research includes the daily students of Gramian University for the academic year (2023_2024), which includes (4441) students, randomly (156) students were selected as the research sample, and the most important statistical tools used are: Cronbach's alpha was used independently and (T-test) was used for one independent sample and two independent samples, and after collecting the data and entering them into the statistical software (SPSS), the results showed the concern of the students. The future and decision-making has an average level, but there is no difference for both variables in terms of gender and expertise, and finally, based on the results of the research, there is a weak relationship between the two main variables of the research.

Abstract Water crisis is a global problem today and many parts of the world are suffering from water crisis and lack of access to safe water. March 22 is celebrated as World Water Day every year to encourage countries to solve the water resource management crisis. On the other hand, water consumption has increased in recent years due to increased population growth and water use in various fields such as agriculture and industry Water Lack of proper management of water resources leads to water crisis, however, the occurrence of drought will strengthen the phenomenon, and this has different dimensions such as environmental, economic and social. Garmian district is located in the southeast of the Kurdistan Region and is close to the central regions of Iraq, which have a desert characteristics and climate in the semi-arid region and uncertain rainfall, so in recent years the symptoms of water crisis and drought.

Abstract Future anxiety is defined as a state of danger, tension, and discomfort due to the anticipation of a danger that may occur in the future. The study works on both theoretical and practical aspects of future anxiety. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the symptoms of future anxiety in terms of gender, age, marital status, place of residence and occupation of the participants. Furthermore, due to the lack of drink and clean water and the distance of water sources from the center of chamchamal, it has not been possible to manage the problem properly. This issue consequently led to increased symptoms of future anxiety including; (fear, anger, pessimism, fear of the spread of disease, worry about continued water scarcity and poor water quality). And also, descriptive, analytical and quantitative methods were used in this study. The questionnaire was submitted to measure the signs of future anxiety, which included 22 items and achieved a very good degree of validity and constancy. Besides that, the (SPSS) was used to analyze the data for (73) Google forms.
     The researchers concluded that there was no statistically significant relationship between future anxiety symptoms according to gender, age, marital status, place of residence, and career. The most obvious results of this study showed that females, married people, and women aged 35–40 years, the women doing household work, and those participants living in Anfal areas, the places where water was poured at night, had more symptoms of future anxiety. Finally, this study presented several limitations and recommendations for future research and government in order to reduce the symptoms of future anxiety in chamchamal city.

Abstract Throughout the modern and contemporary history of the Kurdish people, Garmian region and Khanaqin border have been the home of hundreds of illustrious names and diverse social, intellectual and political figures, each of them has served greatly throughout history. One of them is Aziz Pashtiwan, who during the period of 90 years of his life, as a teacher, educator and as a social and political figure, followed the same path of serving and working. To some extent, his effects, attitudes, and actions completely determine this opinion.   For this purpose, this research “Activities of Hiwa Party in Garmian and Khanaqin in the light of Aziz Pishtiwan's memories 1912-2001” relied on various sources, manuscripts and documents. It is divided into introduction and conclusions and several different topics, including a new overview about Aziz Pishtiwan’s family and his life experiences.  Then the educational background and working as a teacher in primary schools in central and southern Iraq and then return to Khanaqin and surrounding villages. There is also talking about the social situation and his participation. He participated in political activities and organizational affairs in Iraq and South Kurdistan, especially in the clubs, parties and organizations like; He was involved in the Kurdish Sarkawtin Club (1930), Brotherhood or Pashtiwan Association (1928-1938), Hiwa Party (1939), Garmian and Khanaqin Tea Nondrinkers Group, and Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) after 1946.He participated in supervising the 1948 uprising in Khanaqin. Some years later, He also participated in the first Kurdish teachers’ conference after the revolution of July 14, 1958, which began on September 11, 1959 in Shaqlawa. The research also touched the next stages of his political activities and life, imprisonment and education until died on August 8.

Abstract Metaphor is one of the most important topics that occupied the attention of thinkers، rhetoricians، critics، and philosophers، as it is an essential pillar embedded in the structure of our conceptual intellectual systems and is one of the main pillars on which discourse is based. The interactive theory of metaphor is based primarily on the sum of a person’s physical and environmental interactions with his surroundings. Just as metaphor includes all cultural، social and ideological practices، revealing it is a revelation of the depths of the human self. Based on this، we chose the poetic poem by the poet (Sherko bekas) (“Cemetery of Lanterns”)، in which we aimed to infer the hypothesis that metaphor works on the structure of our various ordinary daily speeches based on To our physical experiences، which are closely and directly linked to our contact with external elements، and the mechanisms that we relied on and adopted lie in the interactive experimental conception، that is، in the major metaphors mentioned by the author، and the attempt to uncover what stands behind them. In the first section، we touched on the nature of interactive theory. As for the second section، we devoted it to poetic discourse، after which we stop at the most important point of the metaphor models according to Lakoff and Johnson and their application to the poetic poem، with the results and sources mentioned

Abstract ئایینی مەسیحی یەکێکە لە ئایینە ئاسمانییەکان، ئەم ئایینە لە پاش پەیامبەرەکەى لەسەردەستى خوێندکارەکانى زیاتر بڵاوبووەوە، پاشان لە ناوچەکانى خۆرهەڵات بە گشتى و لە ناوچەى گەرمیان بە شیوەیەکى بەربڵاوتر بڵاو بووەوە، ئەم ناوچەیە لە سەرەتا لە ژێر هەژموونى ئەشکانى پاشان ساسانییدا بوو، ئەم ناوچەیە لەو کاتەدا هەرێم و ناوچەیەکى تاڕادەیەک خۆبەڕێوەبەر بووە و چەندین شار و نشینگەى تێدا بووە، وەک شارەکانى (‌كرخا-دی-بیث-سلۆك, لاشوم, شەهر کرد, ڕاذان, خربە جەلال. ئەریوان.....هتد) باوەڕدارانى ئەم ئایینە نوێیە چەندین کڵێسا و شوێنى ئایینیان بۆ خۆیان بنیاتنا، خاوەنى ئەسقوفی تایبەت بە خۆیان بوون و زۆرینەى سەر بە ئايينزاى نەستورى بوون، بەڵام لە سەردەمى ساسانییدا بە زۆرى دووچارى ئازار و ناچارکردن بە هەڵگەڕانەوە لە ئایینەکەیان یاخود تەنانەت کوشتن دەکران. ئەوەى بەسەر باوەڕدارانى ئەم ئایینەدا هاتووە. بە هۆى ئەو ململانێ ئایینییەوە بوو لەو قۆناغە مێژووییەدا سەرچاوەى گرتبوو، بە تایبەت دواى داننان بە ئایینى مەسیحییدا وەک ئایینى فەرمى ئیمپراتۆریی ڕۆم لە ساڵى (٣١٣ز). و سەرهەڵدانى ئایینەکانى مانى و مەزدەکى، ئیدیى کیشمەکێش و چەوساندنەوەى ئایینى بەسەر باوەڕدارانى دا زیاتر بوو. پاشایانى ساسانى بە تایبەت هەریەک لە شاپورى دووەم و یەزدگردى دووەم و خوسرەو پەرویز زۆرترین توند و تیژیی و هەندێکجاریش لایەنگرییان بەکارهێناوە بەرامبەر باوەڕدارانى ئەم ئایینە، ئەوەش بە هۆی گۆڕانەکانى سەردەمیانەوە بوو. تاوەکو کۆتای هاتنى دەوڵەتى ساسانى ئەم ناوچەیە لە ژێر ڕەحم و سایەى پاشایانى ساسانییدا بوو.

Abstract زمان  سیسته‌مێكی هێمایی ئاڵۆزه‌،  ئه‌ركه‌كانی په‌یوه‌ندیكردن و لێكتێگه‌یشتن له‌ نێوان كۆمه‌ڵدا له‌ ڕێی دروسته‌ و واتازمانییه‌كانه‌وه‌ به‌جێده‌هێنرێت . داهێنان له‌ به‌جێهێنانی ئه‌ركه‌كانی زمان به‌پێی كه‌تیگۆری و پۆله‌ڕه‌گه‌زه‌ فه‌رهه‌نگییه‌كان و ئه‌و ده‌وروبه‌رانه‌ ده‌بێت، كه‌ زمانی تێدا به‌كارده‌هێنرێت، جێگرتنه‌وه‌ و جیگۆڕكێ به‌ وشه‌كان و له‌بری یه‌كتربه‌كارهێنان به‌شێوازی ئه‌رێنی و نه‌رێنی، كه‌ له‌ فۆرمه‌كانی (یوفیمیزمEUPHEMISM و دیسفیمیزم DYSPHEMISM)دایه جۆرێكه‌ له‌ هونه‌ری به‌كارهێنانی زمان و داهێنان له‌ گوزارشتكردندا. كه‌ ناوه‌رۆكی ئه‌م توێژینه‌وه‌یه‌ وێڕای خستنه‌ڕووی چه‌مكه‌كان و شیكردنه‌وه‌یان، له زاری ژووروو و ‌شێوه‌زاری گه‌رمیاندا له‌باره‌یانه‌وه‌ ‌كۆڵیوه‌ته‌وه‌، ‌هه‌ردوو زاری ژووروو و شێوه‌زاری گه‌رمیان وه‌ك دوو  ناوچه‌ی جوگرافیی فراوان له‌ كوردستان خاوه‌نی سامانێكی زمانیی زۆرو ده‌وڵه‌مه‌ندن ،سه‌رچاوه‌كه‌یان وه‌ك زاری ژووروو له‌بوونی ده‌یان شێوه‌زار و بنزاردایه‌، هه‌رچی شێوه‌زاری گه‌رمیانه‌ خاوه‌نی تایبه‌تمه‌ندییه‌كه‌ جیایده‌كاته‌وه‌ له‌ زار و شێوه‌زاره‌كانیتر، وه‌ك بوونی سێ زاری سه‌ره‌كی له‌مشێوه‌زاره‌دا، ئه‌وانیش زاره‌كانی(ناوه‌ڕاست، خواروو، گۆران)ن ئه‌مه‌ش سه‌رچاوه‌ی ده‌وڵه‌مه‌ندی شێوه‌زاره‌كه‌یه‌‌ له‌ڕووی وشه‌و فه‌رهه‌نگه‌وه‌‌، هه‌ربۆیه‌ ئه‌م توێژینه‌وه‌یه‌ ته‌رخانكراوه‌ بۆ ‌‌ كاركردن له‌سه‌ر شیكردنه‌وه‌ی چه‌مكه‌كانی یوفیمیزم و دیسفیمیزم و شێوازه‌كانی به‌كارهێنانیان له‌ زاری ژووروو و شێوه‌زاری گه‌رمیاندا‌. 

Abstract ئەم توێژینەوەیە بەشێوەیەكی سەرەكی لە ڕۆڵی تۆڕی كۆمەڵایەتیی فەیسبووك لە پاراستنی كەلەپوورە بیناكردەكان لە سنوری ئیدارەی گەرمیان دەكۆڵێتەوە. بۆ ئەومەبەستەش لە ڕێگەی بەكارهێنانی میتۆدێكی زانستیی كار لەسەر دەرخستنی ژانرە ڕۆژنامەنووسییە بەكارهاتووەكان بۆ ڕووماڵی بابەتەكانی پەیوەست بەكەلەپووریی ڕۆشنبیریی جێگیر و گەیشتن بە جۆری وێنەی بەكارهاتووی ڕۆژنامەنووسیی و خاوەنداریەتییەكەی و زمانی بەكارهاتوو بۆ ڕووماڵی بڵاوكراوەكان دەكات. هەروەها هەوڵ دەدات لە ئاستی گرنگیدان بە كەلەپوورە بیناكردەكان لە سنوری ئیدارەی گەرمیان لە ڕێگەی تۆڕی كۆمەڵایەتيی فەیسبووك بكۆڵێتەوە و ڕێگە و شێوازەكانی پاراستنیشیان ئاشكرا بكات. توێژینەوەكە لە ڕووی جۆرەوە وەسفییە و ڕێگەی شیكاری ناوەڕۆكی بۆ سەرجەم بڵاوكراوەكانی لاپەڕەی سەرەكی بەڕێوەبەرایەتی گشتی شوێنەوار و كەلەپوور لە هەرێمی كوردستان لە تۆڕی كۆمەڵایەتيی فەیسبووك لە ماوەی نێوان (31ی ئازار– 30ی ئەیلوولی 2023) بەكارهێناوە. هەروەها لەم توێژینەوەیەدا؛ هەریەك لە ئامرازەكانی سەردانی مەیدانی بۆ بەشێك لە ناوچە شوێنەوارییە بیناكردەكانی سنوری ئیدارەی گەرمیان بەكارهاتووە و تێبینی پێویست تۆماركراوە، لە هەر جێگەیەكیش پێویست بووبێت ئامرازی چاوپێكەوتن لەگەڵ شوێنەوارناسان و بەرپرسانی پەیوەندیدار بە بابەتی توێژینەوەكە بەكارهێنراوە. لە دیارترین ئەو ئەنجامانەی توێژینەوەكە پێیگەیشتووە: (كورتە هەواڵ) دیارترین ژانرى ڕۆژنامەنووسیی بەكارهاتووە لە ڕووماڵی بڵاوكراوەكانی پەیوەست بە پارێزگاريی لە (كەلەپوورى بیناكرد- التراث العمراني) لە سنوری ئیدارەی سەربەخۆی گەرمیان و بڵاوكراوەكان زیاتر لە ڕێگەی (ناونیشانی سەرەكی و وێنە) خراونەتەڕوو زۆرینەی وێنە بەكارهاتووەكانیش لەگەڵ بابەتەتی توێژینەوەكە بریتییە لە (وێنەی هێمایی). بەشێوەیەكی گشتی زمانی كورديی (شێوەزاری كرمانجی ناوەڕاست)، بۆ ڕووماڵی بابەتەكانی پەیوەست بە پارێزگاری لە كەلەپوورى بیناكرد لە سنوری گەرمیان بەكارهێنراوە و زۆرینەی شوێنەوارەكان لە چوارچێوەی (كەلەپووری ڕۆشنبیریی جێگیر- التراث الثقافي الثابت) و لەوەش كەلەپوورى بیناكرد پێش (كەلەپووری شوێنەواریی- التراث الأثري) كەوتووە. بۆئەوەش بوارەكانی كەلەپوورى بیناكرد زیاتر لە (شار و باڵەخانەی كەلەپووریی) و پاشان (مۆزەخانە و كتێبخانە) بەرجەستە بووە. لە گرنگترین ڕێگەكان بۆ گرنگیدان بە پاراستنی كەلەپووری بیناكرد (ژمارەپێدان)، (تۆماركردن) و (یاداشتكردن) بووە. هەروەها لاپەڕەی بەڕێوەبەرایەتی گشتی شوێنەوار و كەلەپوور بە چەند ئەركێك لە بەرامبەر پاراستنی كەلەپووری بیناكرد لە ناوچەی گەرمیان هەستاوە، دیارترینیان: (بڵاوكردنەوەی هەواڵ و زانیاریی و وتار لەگەڵ بۆچوونی پسپۆران لەبارەی ئەو كەلەپوورە بیناكردانەی لە گەرمیان هەن)، (پاڵپشتی ئەو بابەت و بڵاوكراوانەى پەیوەندیدارن بە كەلەپووری بیناكرد) و (پیشاندانی مەترسییەكانی لەناوچوون و داڕمانی كەلەپووری بیناكرد).

Abstract          The aim of this research is to "evaluate the non-governmental kindergartens and schools according to the requirements and guidelines of the Ministry of Education in Kalar ", By adopting the descriptive analytical method through a form of observation that the researcher has prepared based on the conditions and guidelines of the Ministry of Education of the Kurdistan Regional Government. After ensuring the Validity  and Stability of the research tool, the researcher implemented it on the research community including kindergartens and non-governmental schools in Kalar for the academic year 2023-2024.        The researcher's sample included (7) kindergartens and (5) non-governmental schools that have official licenses and codes in the system (E-Parwarda). They were divided into different parts of Kalar , The most important statistical tools used were the Weighted mean and percentile weight Person correlation , The most important results are found in these points , All kindergartens and schools are officially licensed. Most of the teachers in non-governmental kindergartens are not specialists (not kindergarten graduates), there is no medical assistant in most non-governmental schools. There were no libraries up to international standards in most schools. There were no school buildings except for Wano School, which has its own building , Computer and science laboratories are not adequate in most non-governmental schools). Finally, the researcher made some recommendations.  

Abstract This research  is entitled (Acoustic and alternation changes in garmyan sub dialect)) in the sound changes from the deep structure, i,e. word vocalize. It discusses the problems of i-lal process when the word changes from its origin without accurate explanation of the factors that led to these changes. This research  sought to achieve two objectives: first, to clarify how to define the form for the deletion of structure of i-lal process bay omission in the words containing weak vowels,  the establishment of the phonotics rules; and second: to highlight the reasons for changes between the vowels and consistis in the words vocalize from the deep structure to the surace structure. The method applied in this research is a descriptive analytical one where it first describes the phenomenon of analyzing sound in words and then, analyzing it according to the process of one change and writing it down in words that are analyzed bay the International phonetics Alphabet(IPA) to clarify the changes occurring. The research concluded that one of the factors for sound transfer in words is to  is to reduce utterance when adjacent sounds in the word. Changes in the syllable also occur to the number or type of syllable.

Abstract ناوچه‌ی گه‌رمیان وه‌کو ناوچه‌یه‌کی تری کوردستان، زانایان و شاعیران و مه‌لا و میرزا و کاتبی گه‌وره‌ی تێدا بووه‌ و نووسراویان له‌ پاش به‌جێماوه‌، به‌ڵام له‌ دوای شاڵاوه‌کانی ئه‌نفال زۆربه‌یان له‌ناو چوون و ئه‌وه‌یشی ماوه‌ته‌وه‌ به‌ بێنازی له‌ناو کتێبخانه‌که‌دایه‌ و ئاوڕی لێ نادرێته‌وه‌. ئه‌و ده‌ستنووسانه‌ی که‌ له‌ لای منن، هه‌ندێکیان کۆپین و هه‌ندێکیان نوسخه‌ ئۆرجیناڵه‌که‌یه‌ و هه‌ر یه‌که‌یان به‌ جۆرێک سوودی خۆی هه‌یه‌ بۆ مێژوونووسان و لێکۆڵه‌رانی بواری مێژووی ئه‌ده‌ب، لێره‌دا به‌پێی زانستی ناساندنی ده‌ستنووس ئه‌و ده‌ستنووسانه‌ ده‌ناسێنم و هه‌نگاوه‌کانی سوود لێوه‌رگرتنی هه‌ر یه‌که‌یان ده‌خرێته‌ ڕوو و کاریگه‌ریشیان له‌سه‌ر مێژوو و مێژووی ئه‌ده‌ب نیشان ده‌درێت.

Abstract Symbol is a phenomenon that plays an important role in poetry, especially in contemporary poetry....etc., to give the poem a new appearance It is an effective and complex process, depending on the mental state that is expressed, falls under various measures in order to create a specific symbol, in addition to presenting the poet's views and changing the relationship Its old relationships, building new relationships and abstracting the dots in order to change the direction of the symbol, and culture has a strong and ancient historical roots It has been a reflection of human life, which consists of many different genres, including stories, legends, etc. Poets have redefined it as a symbol in their poems and given it a new appearance Latif Halmat's poems are an attempt to identify the concept of symbol and symbolic path Cultural Symbols Scientifically, by practicing them in poetry, we have focused on Latif's poems as a deep sea full of various cultural symbols. In writing this study, historical, critical and practical analysis has been followed. The structure of our work consists of an introduction, two parts, conclusions, list of sources and a summary of the discussion in Arabic and English. Part first: Concepts and terms of symbols, origins of symbols and symbolic methods, symbols and obscurity, symbols and culture. Part second: The types of cultural symbols in Latif Halmat's poems are presented: including myths, culture, stories, proverbs, stories, folk songs.

Abstract This research is entitled (Comparison of independent and attached pronouns, between Sorani and Lori dialects). It works on how to bring the dialects of the Kurdish language closer together so that they are ready to create our own standard Kurdish language, which is the dream of every Kurd and one of the important principles of establishing a Kurdish state in the near future. The research consists of two parts: The first part is dedicated to identifying independent and attached personal pronouns in Kurdish, especially Sorani and Lori. The second part is devoted to identifying the differences between independent and attached personal pronouns between the two dialects of Sorani and Lori, then according to the evidence to know which is older than which, to then propose which is better and why? . . . . Then the results and recommendations are presented.

Abstract خاتون دایراک، دختر حسین بگ، همسر شیخ عیسی برزنجه و مادر سطان سحاک از زنان نامور عارف در قرن هفتم هجری است. او در میان پیروان یارسان، مخصوصاً یارسان منطقۀ گرمیان، از جایگاه ویژه­ای برخوردار است. ایشان که پس از تولد سلطان سحاک، لقب «پیر رمزبار» را دریافت کردند نقش­هایی متفاوت و البته مؤثر در این آیین دارند در وهلۀ اول مادر سپس به رتبه پیری جامعه‌ و فراتر از آن شفیع یاران سلطان می­باشند. سخنان بر جای مانده از پیر رمزبار از چنان اهمیت والایی برخوردار است که به «کلام» از آن­ها نام برده می­شود و در دفاتر دینی یارسان راه یافته است. کلام ایشان که صبغۀ حکمت عملی دارد در زمینه و موضوعات گوناگون، در آغاز به صورت شفاهی و به مرور با پراکندگی در منابع مختلف ثبت شده است. مردم یارسان کلام ایشان را سرلوحۀ زندگی خود قرار داده و به فرزندان خود نیز آموزش می­دهند. از آنجایی که ایشان در مقام یک بانو در تربیت یاران سلطان سحاک نقش بسزایی داشته­اند نگارنده بر آن است تا با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه­ای به روش تحلیلی-توصیفی جایگاه و کلام ایشان را در این دین مورد تحلیل و بررسی قرار دهد.

Abstract تصویر یکی از شگردهای بلاغی در شعر است که شاعران احساسات، عواطف و تخیّل خود را دربارۀ موضوعات گوناگون با استفاده از آن بیان می­کنند. احمد جاف و احمد شاکلی دو تن از شاعران نام­آور گرمیان هستند که تصاویر درخشانی در غزل­های عاشقانۀ خود آفریده­اند که به دلیل بازتاب صمیمانۀ احساسات و عواطف عاشقانۀ آن­ها برای خواننده دلنشین است. آن­ها هر دو دلبستگی عمیقی به سرزمین خود دارند و بسیاری از تصاویر خود را با عناصر طبیعی و فرهنگی شهر و دیار خود ساخته­اند. از سوی دیگر هردوی آن­ها نظر به شعر شاعران فارسی­گو دارند. احمد جاف شعر فارسی نیز سروده اما احمد شاکلی ملمع­های کردی ـ فارسی سروده است. زادگاه برای هر دو به مثابۀ مادر و معشوق است و به آن عشق می­ورزند. در نتیجه، شهر در شعر آن­ها شخصیت­بخشی می­شود، شخصیت شهر و معشوق درهم می­آمیزد و شاعر شاعرانه و ستایشگرانه از آن سخن می­گوید. تشبیه در شعر هر دو پربسامد است. در شعر احمد جاف غلبه با تشبیه تفضیل است و در شعر احمد شاکلی تشبیه بلیغ دارای بسامد بیشتری است. شعر احمد جاف روایت وصل است و شعر احمد شاکلی از هجر سخن می­گوید. معشوق در شعر احمد جاف رخ می­نماید و در شعر احمد شاکلی با موهایش چهره می­پوشاند. تلمیح به عشق لیلی و مجنون و یوسف و زلیخا در شعر هر دو برجسته است. تقابل، کنایه، انواع استعاره، رمزهای اسطوره­ای و.. از دیگر عناصر تصویرساز این دو شاعر است. تصاویر شعر آنها اغلب حسی و برگرفته از طبیعت زیست ـ بوم آنها است. در این مقاله سعی می­شود با بهره­گیری از سبک­شناسی لایه­ای، لایۀ بلاغی تصاویر آنها بررسی و با هم مقایسه شود تا سبک فردی هر یک از این دو شاعر معرفی شود. 

Abstract قلعه یکی از مهم‌ترین بناهای تاریخی است که در دوره‌های گوناگون تاریخی با کارکردهای گوناگون ساخته شده‌اند. ارتفاعات زاگرس و دشت‌ها و دره‌های میان رشته‌کوه‌های آن یکی از مکان‌های مستعد ساخت قلعه بوده که به منظورهای گوناگون ساخته شده است. برخی از آن‌ها کارکرد نظامی داشته، برخی مکانی برای ادارۀ شهر و بعضی دیگر محلی برای اسکان والی و بزرگ آن سرزمین بوده است. قدمت و دیرینگی بسیاری از آن‌ها به دوره‌های دور و دیر تمدن بشر بازمی‌گردد. برخی از آن‌ها تخریب شده و بر جایگاه آن‌ها به دلیل تغییر شرایط، قلعه‌های جدید با کارکرد نوین ساخته شده، برخی از آن‌ها مرمت شده‌اند و برخی از آن‌ها در دوره‌های جدیدتر بازسازی شده‌اند. بدیهی است که ساختمان، سازه و کارکرد این قلعه‌ها با جغرافیای محل ساخت خود و سیاست‌های حاکمان آن متناسب بوده‌اند‌. آثار برجای مانده در دره‌ها و قله‌های زاگرس، بخصوص شهرهایی که درمیانۀ ایران و میان‌رودان قرار دارند به دلیل همجواری و وحدت فرهنگی همانندی‌های زیادی با یکدیگر دارند. قلعۀ شیروانه در کلار و قلعه‌های (نابستانی و زمستانی) والی در ایلام از جمله قلعه‌های حاکم نشینی هستند که در این تحقیق با یکدیگر مقایسه می‌شوند و در طی مقاله بر سر آنیم که به این پرسش‌ها پاسخ دهیم که با توجه به سبک معماری آن‌ها، سازه‌های به کار رفته و دیگر شاخص‌ها این قلعه‌ها آثار مرمت شدۀ عهد ساسانی هستند یا بناهای جدیدی که در دوره‌های متأخر به دست والیان دو شهر ساخته شده‌اند.

Abstract تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی، بررسی زبان در بافت موقعیتی و اجتماعی است. این رویکرد به کاربرد زبان در حوزه‌ای خاص و بررسی تحولات اجتماعی و فرهنگی موثر بر ساختار زبان می‌پردازد. به زعم فرکلاف، تحلیلِ گفتمان تلفیق متن و اجتماع آن با ساختار زبان است که بر همین مبنا در تحلیل متون سه سطح توصیف، تفسیر و تبیین را در نظر می‌گیرد. گفتمان‌ها بازنمایی زندگی اجتماعی هستند که در موقعیت‌های گوناگون با رخنه در زندگی روزمره در پی ساخت جهان قاعده‌مند هستند. تحلیل هر گفتمان سه منظر دارد؛ تحلیل صورت‌ها و ساختارهای نشانه‌دار نحوی که معرف دیدگاه نویسنده است، کاربرد صناعات ادبی که نقشی مهم در شخصی سازی زبان دارد و تحلیل ماهیت کلام ادیبانه که راه ارتباطی موثری در خدمت به اجتماع است. هدف پژوهش پیش رو بیان سبک تحلیل گفتمان شیخ مراد زنگنه در دیوان «گولزاری کربلای عشق» به شیوۀ توصیفی _ تحلیلی است و در پی پاسخ به این سوال که کاربرد زبان و کردار گفتمانی در این دیوان چگونه است.

Abstract          Children's literature refers to a collection of works written for child readers and produced by adults in society, who consider the educational, imaginative, artistic and literary aspects of this category in their works. In addition to children's written works, oral literature for children; It also includes lullabies and riddles. This section of literature seeks to strengthen their emotions and thinking power while introducing them to new experiences and teaching them personal and social moral concepts and values. Considering the importance of ethics, education and life skills in children's literature, this paper examines ethical, educational and anti-moral values in Latif Helmet's fiction using descriptive-analytical research methods. Reading his stories, we realize that his main goal was not just to entertain his readers; Instead, he tries to point out some moral, educational and life skills issues when he speaks or when he shows the actions of fictional characters, and in fact he wants to solve the dry moral and educational issues that the reader or listener may be a child; not wanting to read it, or finding it boring; from the language of fictional characters of their own age, or of objects which interest them, such as: animals, birds, plants, &c. teach them indirectly; In these stories, whenever appropriate, he tried to teach them scientific points, such as how clouds and rain form and how to protect plants.

Abstract سبک‌شناسی بلاغی یکی از انواع سبک‌شناسی لایه‌ای است. این نوع سبک‌شناسی از زیر شاخه‌های زبان‌شناسی ساختارگراست. سبک‌شناسی لایه‌ای متن را در پنج لایه بررسی می‌کند. بررسی متن در پنج لایۀ مختلف سبب می‌شود که ارزش اثر در هر لایه بهتر مشخص شود. در نتیجه، کشف و تفسیر پیوند مشخصه‌های صوری متن با محتوای آن را آسان‌تر می‌سازد. لایۀ بلاغی یکی از لایه‌های این نوع سبک‌شناسی که در نشان دادن ارزش ادبی اثر نقش مهمی دارد. زیرا، بلاغت در تبدیل زبان به ادبیات نقش ویژه‌ای دارد. به دلیل آن که کیفیت کاربردهای بلاغی و صورت‌های مجازی زبان است که سبب تولید ادبیات می‌شود. لایۀ بلاغی سبک، زمینۀ اصلی تنوع بیان، تبلور فردیت و شخصی‌سازی زبان است. یکی از کارکردهای این نوع سبک‌شناسی، نشان‌دادن تأثیر جنبه‌های بلاغی اثر بر نحوۀ پردازش موضوع است. به این ترتیب، میزان اصالت یا تقلیدی بودن یک اثر محک می‌خورد و خواننده درمی‌یابد که هر اثر چه میزان حاصل ذوق و خلاقیت شاعر است و تا چه میزان متأثر از آثار دیگر است. بر این اساس، اشعار شاعر گرمیانی، مینه جاف، مطالعه می‌شود. پیکره‌ای از شواهد شعری فراهم شد. کاربرد نشانه‌های زبانی چهار عنصر (آب، آتش، باد و خاک) معنی‌دار بود. از این روی حجم نمونۀ اشعار به کاربرد چهار عنصر محدود شد. یافته‌های پژوهشگر نشان می‌دهد که آن دو به تناوب از ایهام، تلمیح، اسلوب معادله، اغراق، تضاد، انواع تشبیه، تجاهل‌العارف، اعداد، کنایه، لف ونشر، واج آرایی و... بهره برده‌اند.

Abstract تنبور یکی از قدیمی‌ترین و تاثیر گذارترین سازها است که هم در ساختار ظاهری سازهای دیگر تاثیر داشته و هم به دلیل جایگاه آیینی‌اش، در حفظ و گسترش نغمات کهن موثر بوده است. کردستان سرزمینی که با تنبور پیوندی همچون جان و تن دارد، در ماندگاری این ساز نقش بسزایی داشته و کلام که همراه با تنبور، فرهنگ باورها، رفتارها، عشق‌ها و جنگ‌ها را به شیوایی بیان می‌دارد در هر منطقه، به شیوه‌ای خاص نواخته می‌شود. گرمیان (منطقه گرمسیری کردستان) منطقه‌ای کهن، اصیل، نجیب و یکی از این مناطق است که در این جلسه به آن می‌پردازیم و نغماتی را که از دل آن به یادگار مانده، اجرا می‌کنیم. حفظ و نگهداری نغمات قدیم موسیقی فولکلور در منطقه  کُردنشین یارسان، همچون گنجی پنهان شده در تاریخ است که به مدد تکنولوژی و ارتباطات امروزه به دیگران شناسانده شده و با شنیدن آن دریچه‌ای به عمق تاریخ، فرهنگ و موسیقی گشوده می‌شود.

Abstract لطیف هلمت از بنیانگذاران داستان کودک و نوجوان در زبان کردی است از این روی نقد و تحلیل داستان‌های کودک و نوجوان وی برای شناخت و بهبود نگارش داستان‌های حوزۀ کودک و نوجوان ضروری است. قصه‌های لطیف هلمت به لحاظ آموزش و اثر تربیتی آن برای کودکان مفید و ارزشمند است مخصوصاً در زمینۀ آموزش آنان در حفظ محیط زیست و کار و یادگیری، این قصه‌ها مؤثر و حساب‌شده نوشته شده‌اند. شیوۀ روایت قصه‌ها در برخی موارد متناسب با مخاطب یعنی کودکان و نوجوانان نیست؛ مثل اینکه نویسنده به‌رغم انتخاب شخصیت‌هایی نظیر پرندگان از زاویه‌دید پرندگان به وقایع نمی‌نگرد و با نگاه کاملاً انسانی و متناسب با تجربه و سن بزرگسالان  هلمت در قالب داستان‌های مینی مال نوشته شده اما در برخی موارد متناسب با مخاطب و خوانندۀ کودک و نوجوان نیست. استفادۀ نویسنده از عناصر فانتزی برای مخاطب کودک در غالب داستان‌ها مناسب است مخصوصاً در مواردی که براساس عناصر فانتزی به نتیجه گیری پرداخته شده است اما در برخی موارد نیز راوی در هیأت نصیحت‌گری بزرگسال و باز زبان مخصوص بزرگسالان جلوه می‌کند که موجب می‌شود از ارزش داستانی اثر کاسته شود. برخی داستان‌های لطیف هلمت براساس اقتباس از منابع کهن شکل گرفته است و نویسنده نیز به این اقتباس اشاره کرده است اما نویسنده نتوانسته است در همۀ این اقتباس‌ها، داستانی متناسب با مخاطب کودک و نوجوان ایجاد کند. یکی از اشکالاتی که در کار نویسنده هست توضیحاتی است که عمدتاً در پایان داستان‌ها می‌آورد این توضیحات هم نوع خوانش خواننده را محدود به نقل و روایت روی می‌آورد. چنین مواردی موجب می‌شود قصه از حس و عاطفۀ لازم برخوردار نباشد. قصه‌های لطیف می‌کند هم از درجۀ فانتزی یا روایی داستان می‌کاهد. 

Abstract The study aimed to identify the degree of practicing habits of mind and its relationship to computer curiosity and academic achievement among students of Kalar Technical college. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher prepared two questionnaires, firstly was a habits of mind, which consisted of (54) items, secondly was computerize curiosity, which consisted of (32) items. They were applied after having verified its validity and reliability, on a sample of (90) students in first level in Information technology department /Kalar Technical collage/Sulaimani Polytechnique university for the academic year (2021-2022). After collecting and analyzing data, the results showed that the students of the study sample practice habits of mind at a rate of (71.2%), and there was also a positive correlation with statistical significance at the level of significance (α=0.01) between the students’ responses on the habits of mind scale and the computerized curiosity scale. While there was no relationship between each of the habits of mind and computerized curiosity with academic achievement.
The study concluded a list of recommendations

Abstract The research aims to show the extent of the impact of the tectonic activity of the Bardda Sur fold on the small water basins located northeast of the city of Kalar, by relying on geomorphological indicators represented by (AF, T, SL, SMF, VF, IRAT). It is also important for this research that it shows the continuity The effectiveness of tectonic activities through these equations. The research was based on the digital elevation map (DEM12.5m), using the program (ArcGIS.v.10.8), using satellite images from the Landsat satellite (Landsat 8-9_OLI/TIRS C2 L2) dated (09/16/2023). -9/18/2023), by using a measure of geomorphological indicators along the prevailing water valleys in the region, in order to extract the values of the approved indicators, as the indicator showed relative tectonic activities (IRAT), which is the final result combining the results of all geomorphological indicators, which gave us A comprehensive look at the impact of these geomorphological indicators on tectonic activities in the study area, as the water basins fell into the three categories of (high, medium, and low tectonic activity), but most of the basins fell into the moderate category with (5) basins, and therefore the study recommends the possibility of communicating investment and environmental development. In the region, this is what was revealed by the geomorphological indicators of the water basins affected by tectonic activity, that they are stable and have little environmental impact due to the region reaching the stage of balance and geomorphological stability. We recommend conducting extensive studies on the geomorphological risks to which the Bardda Sur fold area is exposed.

Abstract This research entitled (Waves of the Creator of Images in the Novel "Lock of My Heart" by Tahsin Garmiani), discusses the importance of images and their components and the opinions of old and new experts on this subject He was born in 1959 in Jaloula, Khanaqin, and became a member of the Iraqi Writers Union in 1995. He has won several awards at home and abroad.
The study is divided into five parts: The first part deals with fixed images, which includes direct images and visible boundaries. The second part deals with moving images, which is different from the first part, which is a moving image and often the art of hidden sleeping is its basic pillar. The third section deals with the image of exchange between the senses, in which the function of the senses changes. Color imagery occupies the fourth part of the study, which presents the combination of colors and their reflection and how emotions are transformed into a piece of color imagery. The fifth section focuses on symbolic images: here symbols manifest themselves in the form of images and the art of comparison plays a major role in this type of image.

Abstract Emotional manifestations in the course of narrative discourse do not appear directly and at one pace. Rather, it requires a deep reading of the text based on textual data to enrich the structural models and grasp the special organization to reveal the other side of the selves, through their psychological states and the connected and disconnected tension complexes. Taking advantage of the introductions of (Grimas, Fantoni), taking the novel (Bahar) by the Iraqi novelist Amer Hamew, and the novel (Totti) by Al-Girmiani, Nbard Fouad, as models. This is because their emotional structure is linked to the main theme. This theme formed the multiplicity of passions among the characters, creating infinite dimensions for the semiotics of passions, and this similar theme among novelists takes us to the door of comparison, so that our study is an attempt to combine semiotic study and comparative study at the same time.

Abstract Research on managing and preparing for the )COVID-19( pandemic has become increasingly important on a global and local level because of the serious implications it poses for citizens' lives and futures. As such, the problem and its study are topics that cannot be disregarded. Given this, the study's researchers sought to assess the Kurdistan Region of Iraq's experience in handling the )COVID-19( situation. They made an effort to comprehend the actions made by the pertinent regional government entities, particularly those involved in Garmian administration. The study also sought to evaluate these institutions' performance in reducing the losses brought about by the pandemic, with the goal of protecting the community's public health and guaranteeing the security of its healthcare system. Studying this area is also important since it contributes to a deeper knowledge of the crisis and how effective crisis management strategies are, both of which are important for averting future crises. Owing to the unexpected and time-sensitive nature of the )COVID-19( pandemic, it became essential to implement efficient management strategies, particularly following the failure of conventional and superficial approaches predicated on haphazard actions and ill-considered decisions. In order to accomplish the goal of the study, the researchers employed a descriptive-analytical technique and a survey instrument to gather the necessary data from the research community, which is made up of Garmian University faculty members. Out of the 422 faculty members that made up the entire sample, 105 people were included in the study. These individuals were drawn from all faculties at Garmian University, including the departments of civil engineering and law. The information was described by the researchers using statistical metrics such Cronbach's alpha, percentages, repetitions, means, standard deviations, and sample directions. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was then used for analysis. The study's recommendations and conclusions, which will be given at the end, are expected to enhance scientific competency, preparedness, and strategic planning for resolving any potential crises in the region in the future.

Abstract The issue of development received increasing attention in the 1990s among specialists and public opinion alike, at the local, regional and international levels.
All, despite the many topics and studies that have dealt with issues and problems, the role of the geographer in this regard is of great importance and cannot be dispensed with.
   It is noted that geography, as a comprehensive science, revolves mainly around the mutual relations between man and nature, between factors
Humanity and natural factors, a fact confirmed by most geographers, as some of them defined it as “the science that deals with the mutual relationship between human activity and the natural environment in which humans live.”
    Hence, the extent of the geographer’s interest in human development issues appears when studying the dynamic relationships between the natural environment and the human environment, which is the basic scientific basis for identifying the dimensions of geographical problems, and then determining methods for optimal human exploitation of natural resources and land uses, in order to preserve humans and nature, and thus The geographer seeks to understand the relationship between humans and the environmental systems in which they live. One aspect of the crisis of contemporary societies is the problematic relationship between these human societies, as human development problems have worsened at the global level to the extent that development activities have become an increasing and continuing threat to human well-being. And its natural environment in the absence of a clear development philosophy that maintains a balance between considerations of exploiting human resources and the necessities of preserving their continuity.

Abstract There is no doubt that grammatical issues are of interest to all the grammatical interpreters (may Allah bless them) and ‘Ibn Fourk’ is one of them. After reviewing his book, I found a number of grammatical issues that deserve being investigated. So, I collected the dispersed grammatical matters in his interpretations. The reason behind choosing this topic belongs to the fact that ‘Ibn Fourk’ is a well-versed expert in Arabic sciences, and he had a great influence on his contemporaneous scholars and those came after him.                                                The method of this study starts with mentioning the Qur’anic verse, then I referred to the words of ‘Ibn Fourk’ and there is the step of shown the grammarians, linguists, and the interpreters speech. In clarifying the grammatical issues, I relied on the books of the ancient and late grammarians, and the hadith scholars were not excluded and the end of each issue, I tried to balance between the controversial ones and gave preference to what I found superior according to my knowledge.                                                                                                                        
   The body of the research was divided into seven issues. These issues were arranged according to the grammatical sections mentioned in their sorts. The study ends up with the conclusion and the most important findings of the research, then comes the  list of sources and references.                                                                            

Abstract Comparative literary studies of the major journals of literary studies in the present era, and journals of comparative studies between Arabic and Kurdish Rahba and many subjects; Look at the document relationship between languages. This study aims to do comparative work on women's play Women are the first step in the experience of struggle and struggle, and the embodiment of the national human suffering in all its forms. It is for women's struggle in political, social and diplomatic fields, under the Arabic and Kurdish women's struggle Her arms raids, her male partnerships, her positions and her heroes with her pictures, the budget of preparation, colonialism and the resistance to occupation, and the impression (Jamila Bouhaird) of the Algerian resistance are part of the country's struggles Directly in the Algerian revolution against French colonialism, at the turn of the twentieth century and the greatest city in history, called the martyr of life, and revived by her courage, action and sincerity ktmanha. This is reflected in the poems in their stories .. And in contrast, the Kurdish woman excelled from the age of courage, strength of will and endurance, and shared side by side with the man in the struggle for the future Path and independence and distinguished by patience, perseverance and supreme strength in the face of speech, joy, boss and forbidden life of pastoralism and peacefulness, all these qualities Available in the Kurdish poet martyr (Lyli Qasim) nicknamed
(Bride of Kurdistan)......and this also appears in Kurdish poets