Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Department of Social Sciences, College of basic Education of Education University of Garmian, Kurdistan, Iraq.
2 Department of geography< College of Education , University of Garmian
3 Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research (KISSR)
Abstract
The area of study is located in the eastern region of Iraq and the east of Kurdistan region within the boundaries of Kalar district, located between latitudes (34o:51-: 33=) and (35o:04-: 52=) in the north and longitudes (45o:21-: 50=) and (45o :34-: 59=) in the east. The total area of both basins is (235.46 km2); where the area of the Qalatopzan basin is (148.74 km2) with a rate of (63.17%), while the area of the Parewla basin is (86.72 km2) with a rate of (36.83%) of the study area. In order to depict the hydrological indicators and solve the issue of the waste of surface water in winter and spring as well as the lack of water in summer and autumn, a database has been created for both basins. Depending on the elevation model file number (DEM12.5m), geographic information systems and remote sensing technology (GIS & RS), and programs (ArcMap10.8, WMS11.0, Global Mapper18), the coefficient of hydrological and morphometric characteristics, the study has concluded that the geometric shape of the study area has a value of (0.36 km2 / km) as a shape coefficient, long and irregular, and an average terrain of (34.69 km / km2), and (388) river branches with a total length of (429.37 km), and other morphometric characteristics, are the reasons behind the shortage of duration of water concentration (2.67 hours), the time of stagnation (1 hour), the time of the base floods (4.02 hours), with a high rate of the duration of the runoff (5.02 hours), and the flood coefficient (4.20). This is statistical evidence of the emergence of water resources and floods in the study area. With a detailed scientific and technical plan for harvesting, especially the construction of ponds of different sizes, it is possible to protect the natural and human environment of the study area from seasonal floods, and protect it from drought and lack of water in the seasons of summer and autumn. Moreover, it is considered a basis for limiting the effects of environmental and climate change and for developing various activities in both the Qalatopzan and Parewla basins.
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