Document Type : Original Article
1- Alsayid Mohammed, M.A. (2015) Peace Education in Iraqi Kurdistan Schools: An Analysis of Human Rights and History Education Curriculum. PhD thesis. Coventry: Coventry University, UK.
2- Benson, P. (2001). Teaching and Researching Autonomy in Language Learning. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Journal of the University of Garmian 6 (1), 2019
3- Benson, P. (2011) Teaching and researching autonomy in language learning. Applied linguistics in action series. Edinburgh Gate: Pearson Education.
4- Biehler, R.F. (1993) Psychology Applied to Teaching. 7th edn. Houghton Mifflin Company.
5- Bowen, J.A. (2012) Teaching naked: How moving technology out of your college classroom will improve student learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
6- Brown, H.D. (2007) Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. 5th edn. USA: Pearson Longman.
7- Brown, J. D. (2001) Using surveys in language programs. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
8- Chan, M. (2015) ‗Language Learner Autonomy and Learning Contract: A Case Study of Language Majors of a University in Hong Kong‘, Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, pp. 147–180.
9- Cho, Y. (2012) ‗The relationship between L2 learning motivation and context among Korean EFL students‘, English Teaching, 67 (1), pp. 79–105.
10- Cotterall, S. (2008) ‗Autonomy and good language learners‘, in C. Griffiths (ed.) Lessons from good language learners. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 110–120.
11- Creswell, J. W. (2014) Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
12- Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2011) Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
13- Dam, L. (1995) Learner autonomy: From theory to classroom practice. Dublin: Authentik.
14- Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M. (1985) Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum.
15- Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M. (1987) ‗The support of autonomy and the control of behavior‘, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, pp.
16- Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M. (1991) ‗A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality‘, in R. Dienstbier (ed.) Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Perspectives on motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, vol. 38, pp. 237–288.
17- Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M. (eds) (2002). Handbook of Self-determination. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
18- Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M. (2008). ‗Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), pp. 182–185.
19- Dickinson, L. (1995) ‗Autonomy and motivation: A literature review‘, System, 23, pp. 165–74.
20- Dörnyei, Z. (1998) ‗Demotivation in foreign language learning‘. Paper presented at the TESOL 98 Congress, Seattle, WA, March.
21- Dörnyei, Z. (2001b) Teaching and researching motivation. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Dörney, Z. (2001c) Motivational strategies in the language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dörnyei, Z. (2003) Questionnaires in second language research: Construction, administration, and processing. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
22- Dörnyei, Z. (2007) Research methods in applied linguistics. Oxford: OUP.
23- Dörnyei, Z. (2012) Motivation in language learning. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
24- Dörnyei, Z., & Taguchi, T. (2010) Questionnaires in second language research: Construction, administration and processing (2nd Ed.). New York: Routledge.
25- Fan, J. and Feng, H. (2012) ‗A study on students‘ learning motivation of EFL in
Journal of the University of Garmian 6 (1), 2019
Taiwanese vocational college‘, International Journal of Learning and Development, 2 (3), pp. 260–269.
26- Farrell, C. and Jacobs, M. (2010) Essentials for successful English language teaching. London: Continuum International Publishing.
27- Garn, A. and Jolly, J.L. (2014) ‗High ability students‘ voices on learning motivation‘, Journal of Advanced Academics, 25 (1), pp. 7–24.
28- Gardner, R. (2007) ‗Motivation and second language acquisition‘, Porta Linguarum, 8, pp. 9–20.
29- Gillham, B. (2000) Developing a questionnaire. London: Continuum
30- Grolnick, W.S. and Seal, K. (2007) Pressured parents, stressed-out kids: Dealing with competition while raising a successful child. New York, NY: Prometheus Books.
31- Guilloteaux, M.J. (2013) ‗Language textbook selection: Using materials analysis from the perspective of SLA principles‘, Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 22 (3), pp. 231–239.
32- Hadfield, J. and Dörnyei, Z. (2013) ‗From research to implications. Motivation and the vision of knowing a second language‘, in Research and Resources in Language Teaching. Motivating Learning. Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited, 1, p.1.
33- Hassan, A. and Jamaludin, N.S. (2010) ‗Approaches and values in two gigantic educational philosophies: East and west‘, Online Educational Research Journal, 1 (2), pp. 1–15.
34- Holec, H. (1981) Autonomy and foreign language learning. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
35- Jackson S. L. (2016) Research methods and statistics: a critical thinking approach, (5th Ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage/Wadsworth.
36- Jang, H., Kim, E. J., & Reeve, J. (2012) Longitudinal test of self-determination theory‘s motivation mediation model in a naturally occurring classroom context.
Journal of Education Psychology, 104, pp. 1175-1188.
37- Jang, H., Reeve, J., & Deci, E. L. (2010) Engaging students in learning activities: It is not autonomy support or structure but autonomy support and structure. American Psychological Association, 102(3), pp. 588-600.
38- Jastad, J.L. (2008) Memory, promise, and imagination in Iraqi Kurdistan: leadership in education policy development. PhD thesis, The University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
39- Jick, T. D. (1979) Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in Action. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 602-611.
40- King. N. and Horrock, C. (2012) Interviews in qualitative research. London, England. Sage.
41- Lamb, T. (2001) ‗Metacognition and motivation — Learning to learn‘, in G.N. Chambers (ed.) Reflections on Motivation. London: CILT, pp. 85–93.
42- Kohonen, V. (1992) ‗Experiental language learning: second language learning as cooperative learner education‘, in D. Nunan (ed.) Collaborative language learning and teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 14–39.
43- Lai, H.T. and Ting, K. (2013) ‗English language learners‘ perception on motivational changes‘, English Language Teaching, 6 (8), pp. 10–20.
44- Lamb, T. (2010) ‗Assessment of autonomy or assessment for autonomy? Evaluating learner autonomy for formative purposes‘, in A. Paran and L. Sercu (eds) Testing the Untestable in Language Education. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 98–119.
45- Ling, Z. (2013) Research on learning motivation and autonomous L2 learning, International Conference on Educational Research and Sports Education (ERSE 2013) [Online]. Available at:
Journal of the University of Garmian 6 (1), 2019
http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/erse.2013.21 (Accessed: 11 October 2016).
46- Little, D. (1991) Learner Autonomy 1: Issues and Problems. Dublin: Authentik.
47- Little, D. (2015) Learner Autonomy and Second/Foreign Language Learning, LLAS Centre for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies, Avenue Campus, Highfield, University of Southampton, Southampton [Online]. Available at: https://www.llas.ac.uk/resources/gpg/1409#ref2 (Accessed: 11 August 2016).
48- Littlewood, W. (1996) ‗Autonomy: an anatomy and a framework‘, System, 24 (4), pp. 427–435 [Online]. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0346251X96000395 (Accessed: 18 August 2016).
49- Loima, J. and Vibulphol, J. (2014) ‗Internal interest or external performing? A qualitative study on motivation and learning of 9th graders in Thailand basic education‘, Journal of Education and Learning, 3 (3), pp. 194–203.
50- Loima, J. and Vibulphol, J. (2016) ‗Learning and motivation in Thailand: A comparative regional study on basic education ninth graders‘, International Education Studies, 9 (1), pp. 31–43.
51- Lu, J. (2014) English Language Learning and Teaching in China – Students' Perspectives. New York: Untested Ideas Research Center.
52- Macaro, E. (2008) ‗The shifting dimensions of language learner autonomy‘, in T. Lamb and H. Reinders (eds) Learner and teacher autonomy: Concepts, realities, and responses. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 47–62.
53- Marzouk, M.R. (2012) ‗Teaching and Learning in Iraq: A Brief History‘, The Educational Forum, 76 (2), pp. 259–264.
54- Maxwell, J. A. (2013) Qualitative research design: An interactive approach (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oak, CA: Sage.
55- Merriam, S. B., and Tisdell, E. J. (2016) Qualitative research:A guide to design and implementation, (4th Ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
56- MHE. (2010) A Roadmap to Quality: Reforming the System of Higher Education and Scientific Research in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Erbil: Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research-KRG.
57- Mislevy, R. J. (2007) Validity by design. Educational Researcher, 36, 463–469.
58- Murray, G., Fujishima, N. and Uzuka, M. (2014) ‗Semiotics of place: Autonomy and space‘, in G. Murray (ed.) Social dimensions of autonomy in language learning. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 81–99.
59- Murray, G., Gao, A. and Lamb, T. (eds) (2011) Identity, Motivation, and Autonomy in Language Learning. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
60- Niemiec, C.P. and Ryan, R.M. (2009) ‗Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness in the Classroom Applying Self-Determination Theory to Educational Practice‘, Theory and Research in Education, 7, pp. 133–144.
61- Punch, K. F. (2013) Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. London: Sage
62- Reeve, J., Bolt, E. and Cai, Y. (1999) ‗Autonomy-supportive teachers: How they teach and motivate students‘, Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, pp. 537–548.
63- Reeve, J., Ryan, R.M., Deci, E.L. and Jang, H. (2007) ‗Understanding and promoting autonomous self-regulation: A self-determination theory perspective‘, in D. Schunk and B. Zimmerman (eds) Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory, research, and application. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 223–244.
64- Reinders, H. and Balcikanli, C. (2011) ‗Learning to foster autonomy: The role of teacher education materials‘, Reading.
Journal of the University of Garmian 6 (1), 2019
65- Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000) Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), pp. 54-67.
66- Rubin, H. and Rubin, I. (2012) Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data, (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
67- Thomas, L., Hockings, C., Ottaway, J., & Jones, R. (2015) Independent learning: students‘ perspectives and experiences. Higher Education Academy. Available at https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/knowledge-hub/independent-learning-student-perspectives-and-experiences. (Accessed: 6 April 2017).
68- Taylor, F. (2013) Self and identity in adolescent foreign language learning. Second language acquisition. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
69- Urhahne, D. (2015) ‗Teacher behavior as a mediator of the relationship between teacher judgment and students‘ motivation and emotion‘, Teaching and Teacher Education, 45, pp. 73–82.
70- Ushioda, E. (2008) ‗Motivation and good language learners‘, in C. Griffiths (ed.) Lessons from good language learners. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 19–34.
71- Ushioda, E. (2011) ‗Motivating learners to speak as themselves‘, in G. Murray, X. Gao, T. and Lamb (eds) Identity, motivation and autonomy in language learning. Second language acquisition. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, pp. 11–24.
72- Wahab, A. (2017) Education in Kurdistan Region at the Intersection of Nationalism and Democracy. PhD thesis, University of Toronto, Canada.
73- William, M. and Burden, R.L. (1997) Psychology for language teachers: A social constructivist approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
74- Xu, J. and Xu L. (2004) ‗College English teachers‘ roles in learner autonomy‘, Journal of Higher Education Research, 3, pp. 81–84
2- Benson, P. (2001). Teaching and Researching Autonomy in Language Learning. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Journal of the University of Garmian 6 (1), 2019
3- Benson, P. (2011) Teaching and researching autonomy in language learning. Applied linguistics in action series. Edinburgh Gate: Pearson Education.
4- Biehler, R.F. (1993) Psychology Applied to Teaching. 7th edn. Houghton Mifflin Company.
5- Bowen, J.A. (2012) Teaching naked: How moving technology out of your college classroom will improve student learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
6- Brown, H.D. (2007) Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. 5th edn. USA: Pearson Longman.
7- Brown, J. D. (2001) Using surveys in language programs. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
8- Chan, M. (2015) ‗Language Learner Autonomy and Learning Contract: A Case Study of Language Majors of a University in Hong Kong‘, Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, pp. 147–180.
9- Cho, Y. (2012) ‗The relationship between L2 learning motivation and context among Korean EFL students‘, English Teaching, 67 (1), pp. 79–105.
10- Cotterall, S. (2008) ‗Autonomy and good language learners‘, in C. Griffiths (ed.) Lessons from good language learners. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 110–120.
11- Creswell, J. W. (2014) Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
12- Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2011) Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
13- Dam, L. (1995) Learner autonomy: From theory to classroom practice. Dublin: Authentik.
14- Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M. (1985) Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum.
15- Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M. (1987) ‗The support of autonomy and the control of behavior‘, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, pp.
16- Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M. (1991) ‗A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality‘, in R. Dienstbier (ed.) Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Perspectives on motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, vol. 38, pp. 237–288.
17- Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M. (eds) (2002). Handbook of Self-determination. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
18- Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M. (2008). ‗Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), pp. 182–185.
19- Dickinson, L. (1995) ‗Autonomy and motivation: A literature review‘, System, 23, pp. 165–74.
20- Dörnyei, Z. (1998) ‗Demotivation in foreign language learning‘. Paper presented at the TESOL 98 Congress, Seattle, WA, March.
21- Dörnyei, Z. (2001b) Teaching and researching motivation. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Dörney, Z. (2001c) Motivational strategies in the language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dörnyei, Z. (2003) Questionnaires in second language research: Construction, administration, and processing. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
22- Dörnyei, Z. (2007) Research methods in applied linguistics. Oxford: OUP.
23- Dörnyei, Z. (2012) Motivation in language learning. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
24- Dörnyei, Z., & Taguchi, T. (2010) Questionnaires in second language research: Construction, administration and processing (2nd Ed.). New York: Routledge.
25- Fan, J. and Feng, H. (2012) ‗A study on students‘ learning motivation of EFL in
Journal of the University of Garmian 6 (1), 2019
Taiwanese vocational college‘, International Journal of Learning and Development, 2 (3), pp. 260–269.
26- Farrell, C. and Jacobs, M. (2010) Essentials for successful English language teaching. London: Continuum International Publishing.
27- Garn, A. and Jolly, J.L. (2014) ‗High ability students‘ voices on learning motivation‘, Journal of Advanced Academics, 25 (1), pp. 7–24.
28- Gardner, R. (2007) ‗Motivation and second language acquisition‘, Porta Linguarum, 8, pp. 9–20.
29- Gillham, B. (2000) Developing a questionnaire. London: Continuum
30- Grolnick, W.S. and Seal, K. (2007) Pressured parents, stressed-out kids: Dealing with competition while raising a successful child. New York, NY: Prometheus Books.
31- Guilloteaux, M.J. (2013) ‗Language textbook selection: Using materials analysis from the perspective of SLA principles‘, Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 22 (3), pp. 231–239.
32- Hadfield, J. and Dörnyei, Z. (2013) ‗From research to implications. Motivation and the vision of knowing a second language‘, in Research and Resources in Language Teaching. Motivating Learning. Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited, 1, p.1.
33- Hassan, A. and Jamaludin, N.S. (2010) ‗Approaches and values in two gigantic educational philosophies: East and west‘, Online Educational Research Journal, 1 (2), pp. 1–15.
34- Holec, H. (1981) Autonomy and foreign language learning. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
35- Jackson S. L. (2016) Research methods and statistics: a critical thinking approach, (5th Ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage/Wadsworth.
36- Jang, H., Kim, E. J., & Reeve, J. (2012) Longitudinal test of self-determination theory‘s motivation mediation model in a naturally occurring classroom context.
Journal of Education Psychology, 104, pp. 1175-1188.
37- Jang, H., Reeve, J., & Deci, E. L. (2010) Engaging students in learning activities: It is not autonomy support or structure but autonomy support and structure. American Psychological Association, 102(3), pp. 588-600.
38- Jastad, J.L. (2008) Memory, promise, and imagination in Iraqi Kurdistan: leadership in education policy development. PhD thesis, The University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
39- Jick, T. D. (1979) Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in Action. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 602-611.
40- King. N. and Horrock, C. (2012) Interviews in qualitative research. London, England. Sage.
41- Lamb, T. (2001) ‗Metacognition and motivation — Learning to learn‘, in G.N. Chambers (ed.) Reflections on Motivation. London: CILT, pp. 85–93.
42- Kohonen, V. (1992) ‗Experiental language learning: second language learning as cooperative learner education‘, in D. Nunan (ed.) Collaborative language learning and teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 14–39.
43- Lai, H.T. and Ting, K. (2013) ‗English language learners‘ perception on motivational changes‘, English Language Teaching, 6 (8), pp. 10–20.
44- Lamb, T. (2010) ‗Assessment of autonomy or assessment for autonomy? Evaluating learner autonomy for formative purposes‘, in A. Paran and L. Sercu (eds) Testing the Untestable in Language Education. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 98–119.
45- Ling, Z. (2013) Research on learning motivation and autonomous L2 learning, International Conference on Educational Research and Sports Education (ERSE 2013) [Online]. Available at:
Journal of the University of Garmian 6 (1), 2019
http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/erse.2013.21 (Accessed: 11 October 2016).
46- Little, D. (1991) Learner Autonomy 1: Issues and Problems. Dublin: Authentik.
47- Little, D. (2015) Learner Autonomy and Second/Foreign Language Learning, LLAS Centre for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies, Avenue Campus, Highfield, University of Southampton, Southampton [Online]. Available at: https://www.llas.ac.uk/resources/gpg/1409#ref2 (Accessed: 11 August 2016).
48- Littlewood, W. (1996) ‗Autonomy: an anatomy and a framework‘, System, 24 (4), pp. 427–435 [Online]. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0346251X96000395 (Accessed: 18 August 2016).
49- Loima, J. and Vibulphol, J. (2014) ‗Internal interest or external performing? A qualitative study on motivation and learning of 9th graders in Thailand basic education‘, Journal of Education and Learning, 3 (3), pp. 194–203.
50- Loima, J. and Vibulphol, J. (2016) ‗Learning and motivation in Thailand: A comparative regional study on basic education ninth graders‘, International Education Studies, 9 (1), pp. 31–43.
51- Lu, J. (2014) English Language Learning and Teaching in China – Students' Perspectives. New York: Untested Ideas Research Center.
52- Macaro, E. (2008) ‗The shifting dimensions of language learner autonomy‘, in T. Lamb and H. Reinders (eds) Learner and teacher autonomy: Concepts, realities, and responses. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 47–62.
53- Marzouk, M.R. (2012) ‗Teaching and Learning in Iraq: A Brief History‘, The Educational Forum, 76 (2), pp. 259–264.
54- Maxwell, J. A. (2013) Qualitative research design: An interactive approach (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oak, CA: Sage.
55- Merriam, S. B., and Tisdell, E. J. (2016) Qualitative research:A guide to design and implementation, (4th Ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
56- MHE. (2010) A Roadmap to Quality: Reforming the System of Higher Education and Scientific Research in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Erbil: Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research-KRG.
57- Mislevy, R. J. (2007) Validity by design. Educational Researcher, 36, 463–469.
58- Murray, G., Fujishima, N. and Uzuka, M. (2014) ‗Semiotics of place: Autonomy and space‘, in G. Murray (ed.) Social dimensions of autonomy in language learning. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 81–99.
59- Murray, G., Gao, A. and Lamb, T. (eds) (2011) Identity, Motivation, and Autonomy in Language Learning. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
60- Niemiec, C.P. and Ryan, R.M. (2009) ‗Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness in the Classroom Applying Self-Determination Theory to Educational Practice‘, Theory and Research in Education, 7, pp. 133–144.
61- Punch, K. F. (2013) Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. London: Sage
62- Reeve, J., Bolt, E. and Cai, Y. (1999) ‗Autonomy-supportive teachers: How they teach and motivate students‘, Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, pp. 537–548.
63- Reeve, J., Ryan, R.M., Deci, E.L. and Jang, H. (2007) ‗Understanding and promoting autonomous self-regulation: A self-determination theory perspective‘, in D. Schunk and B. Zimmerman (eds) Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory, research, and application. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 223–244.
64- Reinders, H. and Balcikanli, C. (2011) ‗Learning to foster autonomy: The role of teacher education materials‘, Reading.
Journal of the University of Garmian 6 (1), 2019
65- Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000) Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), pp. 54-67.
66- Rubin, H. and Rubin, I. (2012) Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data, (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
67- Thomas, L., Hockings, C., Ottaway, J., & Jones, R. (2015) Independent learning: students‘ perspectives and experiences. Higher Education Academy. Available at https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/knowledge-hub/independent-learning-student-perspectives-and-experiences. (Accessed: 6 April 2017).
68- Taylor, F. (2013) Self and identity in adolescent foreign language learning. Second language acquisition. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
69- Urhahne, D. (2015) ‗Teacher behavior as a mediator of the relationship between teacher judgment and students‘ motivation and emotion‘, Teaching and Teacher Education, 45, pp. 73–82.
70- Ushioda, E. (2008) ‗Motivation and good language learners‘, in C. Griffiths (ed.) Lessons from good language learners. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 19–34.
71- Ushioda, E. (2011) ‗Motivating learners to speak as themselves‘, in G. Murray, X. Gao, T. and Lamb (eds) Identity, motivation and autonomy in language learning. Second language acquisition. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, pp. 11–24.
72- Wahab, A. (2017) Education in Kurdistan Region at the Intersection of Nationalism and Democracy. PhD thesis, University of Toronto, Canada.
73- William, M. and Burden, R.L. (1997) Psychology for language teachers: A social constructivist approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
74- Xu, J. and Xu L. (2004) ‗College English teachers‘ roles in learner autonomy‘, Journal of Higher Education Research, 3, pp. 81–84
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