Journal of Garmian University

Original Article

Armed conflict between the Peshmerga forces and the Iraqi army 1976 (Kurdistan National Union) in question.

Zana Faqe Muhammad; Ako Shwani

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 1-20

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10401

Abstract

The establishment of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan was intended to restart the armed struggle against the Iraqi government, rebuild military bases, form a national liberation army, ... Read More

Original Article

Theoretical Framework For the emergence of Cognitive Sociolinguistics

Salar Majeed; Sabah Qadir; Bakir Ali

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 21-31

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10402

Abstract

This research entitled (Theoretical Framework For the emergence of Cognitive Sociolinguistics). Cognitive Sociolinguistics is emerging Field in Linguistics, which aims to explain the ... Read More

Original Article

بنیاتی كاره‌كته‌ر له‌ ڕۆمانی " ڤیكۆنتی دوو له‌تبوو"ى ئیتالۆ كاڵڤینۆ و ڕۆمانى " جه‌مشید خانی مامم كه ‌هه‌میشه‌ با له‌گه‌ڵ خۆیدا ده‌یبرد" ی به‌ختیار علی دا، توێژینه‌وه‌یه‌كی به‌راوردكارییه

Sardar Majeed

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 32-40

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10403

Abstract

The character is one of the main and important elements in the text of the novel. Without the character, the text of the novel cannot be built. He works with the other main elements ... Read More

Original Article

Evaluation of quality of household water in kifri city

Shno Abas; Azdeen Darwesh

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 41-53

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10404

Abstract

Kifri is the center town of Kifri District where is the ancient district of Garmyan administration in Kurdistan region. Astronomically, Kifri is located between latitudes (34°:41':2") ... Read More

Original Article

ڕاڤەکردنى هۆکارە سایکۆ- زمانییەکان لە دەستپێداگەیشتنى فەرهەنگیدا

ئاڤێستا مەحموود; Bakhan Abdulrahman

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 54-67

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10405

Abstract

This research is in the field of psycholinguistics and attempts to analyze and interpret the process of access, which is an important mechanism in psycho-linguistic processes (language ... Read More

Original Article

نیشانه‌كردنی فۆنۆلۆژییانه‌ له‌ زمانی كوردییدا

عه‌بدولجه‌بار مه‌عروف; Hemin Jaff

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 68-82

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10406

Abstract

The study titled (the markedness process in supra-segmental phonemes), and this is an attempt to demonstrate the marking/markedness process in the Kurdish language, as the research ... Read More

Original Article

شیكردنه‌وه‌ی مۆرفۆمه‌تری هه‌ردوو ئاوه‌زێڵی قه‌ڵاتۆپزان و پاریۆڵه و ئاماژه‌ هایدرۆلۆجییه‌كانی

Shirwan Majeed; Azdeen Darwesh

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 83-96

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10407

Abstract

The area of study is located in the eastern region of Iraq and the east of Kurdistan region within the boundaries of Kalar district, located between latitudes (34o:51-: 33=) and (35o:04-: ... Read More The area of study is located in the eastern region of Iraq and the east of Kurdistan region within the boundaries of Kalar district, located between latitudes (34o:51-: 33=) and (35o:04-: 52=) in the north and longitudes (45o:21-: 50=) and (45o :34-: 59=) in the east. The total area of both basins is (235.46 km2); where the area of the Qalatopzan basin is (148.74 km2) with a rate of (63.17%), while the area of the Parewla basin is (86.72 km2) with a rate of (36.83%) of the study area. In order to depict the hydrological indicators and solve the issue of the waste of surface water in winter and spring as well as the lack of water in summer and autumn, a database has been created for both basins. Depending on the elevation model file number (DEM12.5m), geographic information systems and remote sensing technology (GIS & RS), and programs (ArcMap10.8, WMS11.0, Global Mapper18), the coefficient of hydrological and morphometric characteristics, the study has concluded that the geometric shape of the study area has a value of (0.36 km2 / km) as a shape coefficient, long and irregular, and an average terrain of (34.69 km / km2), and (388) river branches with a total length of (429.37 km), and other morphometric characteristics, are the reasons behind the shortage of duration of water concentration (2.67 hours), the time of stagnation (1 hour), the time of the base floods (4.02 hours), with a high rate of the duration of the runoff (5.02 hours), and the flood coefficient (4.20). This is statistical evidence of the emergence of water resources and floods in the study area. With a detailed scientific and technical plan for harvesting, especially the construction of ponds of different sizes, it is possible to protect the natural and human environment of the study area from seasonal floods, and protect it from drought and lack of water in the seasons of summer and autumn. Moreover, it is considered a basis for limiting the effects of environmental and climate change and for developing various activities in both the Qalatopzan and Parewla basins.

Original Article

Characteristics of population of vertical housing projects in the city of Sulaymaniyah

kamaran Tofiq; به‌یان حسین

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 97-107

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10408

Abstract

The research examines the characteristics of the population of vertical housing projects in the city of Sulaymaniyah. At first it sheds light on the changes in the size of the population ... Read More

Original Article

شرۆڤەى میتافۆر لە دیدگا و ڕایەڵەى کارى زانستى زماندا

Mohammed Saeed; ئاڤێستا مەحموود

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 108-119

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10409

Abstract

The study is entitled (Interpretation of metaphor from the linguistic action perspective), is an attempt to present different points of view regarding metaphor because metaphor ... Read More

Original Article

Kirkuk in the open texts of Sherko Bekas

شه‌یدا محمد; Diyar Majeed

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 120-128

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10410

Abstract

This research entitled (Kirkuk in the open texts of Sherko Bekas) is an attempt to show the position and importance of the city in the different experiences of Sherko Bekas. Different ... Read More

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Original Article

لێکدانەوەى چەمک بەپێی زانستى درککردن (زانیارییە شاراوەکانى کردەى پرس بە نموونە)

عثمان عبدالرحيم; ابوبكر قادر

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 129-141

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10411

Abstract

This paper entitled (The analysis of concepts according to cognitive theory, the concept and hidden information of question act as an example). According to the Universal Grammar (U.G) ... Read More

Original Article

التقنيات الحجاجية في شعر أبي نواس

Hussein Muhammad; Zainab Aziz

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 137-144

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10412

Abstract

In this study, I sought to highlight the argumentative techniques, which are considered one of the most important pillars of the arguments in the new rhetoric, and the argumentative ... Read More In this study, I sought to highlight the argumentative techniques, which are considered one of the most important pillars of the arguments in the new rhetoric, and the argumentative techniques constitute an important and prominent basis for building any argumentative text. Perelman and his colleague Titika made the argumentative techniques divided into two distinct groups: the first is based on connection and connection, and the second section: is based on separation, and the subject of our study is the first section, i. Abi Nawas, the argumentative techniques employed by the poet have a prominent role in acquiescing and persuading the recipients of his argument by employing various and persuasive arguments at the same time, and among these techniques are quasi-logical arguments that depend on logical structures, and were divided into three sections: a- The argument of conflict and disagreement, By this argument, we mean that the protester brings two cases, one of which negates the other, which leads to acceptance of one of them and the subtraction of the other, and when one of them is presented, it generates ridicule within the argumentative text. B- Symmetry and limitation in pilgrims. What is meant by this type of pilgrims in which the protester relies on clarifying the idea of what he resorts to definition, so he brings two words that are similar in pronunciation, so the first word has a different meaning from the second word, so the second word carries us as a metaphor . C_ Arguments based on reciprocal relationships, and this argument is based on addressing two situations, one of them in a way of the second, one treatment, and the two situations are similar, but indirectly, after we have clarified briefly the sections of the quasi-logical arguments that depend on logical structures, we then work on applying them to examples of Abu Nawas’s poems And dealt with according to a study and deliberative approach.

Original Article

الروابط الحجاجية في شعر أبي نواس

Hussein Muhammad; Zainab Aziz

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 142-149

Abstract

In this study, I strived to present the most important argumentative links that the poet Abu Nawas used in his poems, and to show the extent of the importance of the links to strengthen ... Read More In this study, I strived to present the most important argumentative links that the poet Abu Nawas used in his poems, and to show the extent of the importance of the links to strengthen the poet's words to reach his goal of influence and strength to persuade the recipients of his arguments, and since the arguments are a form of persuasion and give great importance to the study of his rhetorical style that the argumenter follows for the purpose of its influence In contrast, which is (the argumentative) and persuading him with the thesis that he presents, Abu Nawas employed, according to the achievement of his desired goal, various argumentative mechanisms, including: argumentative factors and links. , or between the arguments and its results in order to direct the poet's arguments towards a supportive result for the recipient of his argument, and since the language is of great importance by employing argumentative links so that the language accordingly performs its function of persuading the recipient by linking between the sayings and their coordination in a system that has a strong influence on others. Through this study, we will try to shed light on the most important of these links and indicate its role in directing the discourse towards the desired result, and divide the links into four sections:The first link: the waw: is a hajaji letter that links and connects two sentences, and works to arrange the arguments and weave them into an integrated and coherent discourse, and makes the sentence interconnected in a way that keeps it away from separation and inconsistency. And the second link (Fa): It is a letter that indicates the order and the comment, which in turn works on argumentative harmony in its arrangement of the results. And the third link: But: It is a letter that indicates redress after disbelief, and its location is a mediator between two different words, negatively or positively. The fourth link: until: It has several functions, including sympathy, where it connects between the singular and two sentences in speech, and between the two nouns in the pronunciation and meaning. The fifth link: because: It is one of the words of reasoning, so (lam) is the mother of reasoning, and the sender uses it in his argumentative discourse a lot, and its function is based on justifying the action, or justifying its absence. After we clarified briefly the sections of the links, we then work on applying them to samples of Abi Nawas's poems and dealing with them according to their deliberative aspect.

Original Article

The role of an authority in defining an official language -A field study in the Kurdistan region of Iraq-

Miran Salih

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 158-167

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10413

Abstract

In its long history, the Kurdish people have suffered from the control of the occupied countries, through their constant attempt to eliminate it, weaken it, and eliminate its language ... Read More

Original Article

“Fiaal” as an infinitive form in the Glorious Quran “A semantic and morphological study”

Erfan Qadir

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 168-182

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10415

Abstract

The morphological structures in the Holy Quran and understanding their exact denotations have received the researchers’ attention between past and present. ... Read More

Original Article

أثر النمو السكاني في التغييرات المساحية للاستعمالات الارض السكنية لمدينة خانقين للمدة 1997-2021

Ahmad Jaff; جمعه داي

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 183-193

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10416

Abstract

The area of residential land uses for the period 1997-2021 increased significantly as a result of the change in the area allocated to it due to urban expansion, which is one of ... Read More The area of residential land uses for the period 1997-2021 increased significantly as a result of the change in the area allocated to it due to urban expansion, which is one of the reasons that most contributed to the development of its area. That they were deported in previous periods and waves of population movement after the year 2007-2018, as the total number of arrivals during that period reached (17109) people, and the city’s population increased from (29360) people in 1997 to (80207) people for the year 2021, and they put pressure on the old allocated area for housing, amounting to (304) hectares, at a rate of (13.4%) of the total area of the city, amounting to (2196) hectares, and a percentage of (59.6%) of the built-up area of the city, amounting to (507) hectares for the year 1997, and the city did not absorb this great pressure, so new residential neighborhoods were created to fill the housing deficit, including within the municipal borders of the city, and some of them were created in 1998 and were not implemented for a political goal, such as neighborhoods (Dara Konareh, and Imam Abbas), in addition to exploiting the ground spaces within the residential neighborhoods such as the Yakiti locality in Tola Frush, which is part of its fabric, and the staff locality in Azadi Khawar, in addition to merging some villages very close to the residential neighborhoods such as (Ali Murad and Youssef villages Beck) and turn it into a regular residential locality, as for the neighborhoods outside The municipal boundaries of the city, some of which were formerly villages whose residents were previously abandoned, such as the neighborhoods of (Banmil and Jabrawah), and others are vacant lands that were not officially exploited, such as the neighborhoods of (Bakhtiari and Sirwan), as well as the Zanko neighborhood, whose lands were distributed, but it has not yet been established as a residential neighborhood, and all These neighborhoods were legally residential slums only until 2013 until the new design of the city was implemented and these neighborhoods were entered within the municipal borders, and the area of residential land uses changed in 2021 to (1060.3) hectares, at a rate of (55.6%) of its area. Al-Mamoura, amounting to (1906) hectares, at a rate of (20.4%) for its total area of (5200) hectares, in the new design.

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Original Article

Investment in renewable energies and their role in achieving the goals of the environmental dimension of sustainable development in the selected countries: (Iraq, Iran, Algeria, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Jordan, Egypt) for the period (2009 – 2017)

Ali Hussien; Ali Abbas Ali

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 196-206

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10417

Abstract

Investment in renewable energies has recently become one of the main mechanisms for achieving sustainable development in various countries, given the advantages of renewable energies ... Read More

Original Article

تأثير جهاز مصنع وفق إسلوبي المتسلسل والعشوائي في تعلم مهارة الوقوف على اليدين على بساط الحركات الارضية في الجمناستك

اراز نوری; Muhammed Alzahawe

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 207-212

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10418

Abstract

Learning in all areas of life is the basis of human development and the growth of the human mind, and that one of the pillars of the level of learning ... Read More

Original Article

The effect of using overlapping some direct teaching methods in acquiring the skillful achievement of the balance beam device for female students

vian saeed; shnyar niamat

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 213-218

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10419

Abstract

The research aims to prepare an educational program using the method of overlapping some direct teaching methods and identifying its impact on acquiring the skillful achievement of ... Read More

Original Article

Hedging in Selected Modern Drama: A Pragmatic Study

Jalal Hassan

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 228-241

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10421

Abstract

Academics contend that hedges are an appropriate use of ambiguity in situations where precision may not be required. In this research, the use of hedging in three chosen plays is examined ... Read More

Original Article

Male Dominance and the Social Hierarchy of the Patriarchal Society in Delaney’s A Taste of Honey

Ari Omar; Rebwar Muhammed

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 242-256

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10422

Abstract

In an article published by the Gender Team of the United Nations Development Program, which interviewed women and men in 75 countries around the world, it is claimed that 91 percent ... Read More

Original Article

The Representation of Women in English and Kurdish Magazine Cover Pages: A Critical Multimodal Perspective

Mohammed Kareem; Elham Qadir

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 257-278

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10423

Abstract

This paper critically explores the multimodal discourses that underpin the representation of women in English and Kurdish magazine cover pages (MCP) with a view to determine the ... Read More

Original Article

Head-Position Parameter in English and Central Kurdish Noun Phrases: A Comparative Study

Karwan Othman; Jalal Hassan

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 279-291

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10424

Abstract

The issue of head-position has been a controversial and disputed subject within the generative syntax. The purpose of the current study is to determine the right position of head in ... Read More

Original Article

Career Success versus Family for Women in Caryl Churchill’s Top Girls: A Postfeminist Study

Abdalla Balu; Shwana Perot

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 291-301

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10425

Abstract

Top Girls (1982), a play written by Caryl Churchill, carefully investigates the relationship between career and personal relations through its portrayal of the sacrifices and challenges productive women ... Read More

Original Article

An Investigation of Transcription and Handwriting in the Performance of Kurdish EFL School-Aged Learners with (out) SLDs

Kazhaw Barazanja; Ayad Mahmood; Wirya Ameen

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023, Pages 303-311

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10426

Abstract

A Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) affects a learner's handwriting ability and fine motor skills which is essential for learning the writing of any language including English as a Foreign ... Read More

Original Article

العلّامة خواهرزاد(ت:1935م) وآراؤه الكلامية في الإلهيات من خلال تفسيره

محمد بابكر; هادي حمه

Volume 10, Issue 4 , December 2023

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.104

Abstract

العلّامة خواهرزاد r(القاضي محمد بن عبد الكريم)، ولد في بنجوين،سنة(1285هـ /1868م)، وتربى بعد وفاة أبيه في كنف ... Read More العلّامة خواهرزاد r(القاضي محمد بن عبد الكريم)، ولد في بنجوين،سنة(1285هـ /1868م)، وتربى بعد وفاة أبيه في كنف خاله(الملا الكبير-عبدالرحمن البنجوينى)، وبدأ بدراسة العلوم في مدرسة خاله، وتجول في الجوار لطلب العلم، وفي آخر المطاف أخذ الإجازة العلمية عند خاله، وخدم المسلمين إماما وخطيبا ومدرسا وقاضيا، وخلّف من بعده رجالا في العلم ونشر العدل في منطقته من خلال وظيفة القضاء، وترك مصنفا كبيرا، باسم(تذكار الايمان للشعب الكوردي)، وهو تفسير كامل للقرآن الكريم، في ثمانية مجلدات، كتبه مابين (1931م-1935م)، وحتى الآن لم يطبع، وأول تفسير باللغة الكوردية، وتوفي في مسقط رأسه سنة (1355هـ/1935م). * أمّا آراؤه الكلامية في الإلهيات: سار (القاضي الملّا محمد خواهرزاد رحمه الله) في توحيد الصفات على منهج الأشاعرة الذين يثبتون الصـفات السـبع فقـط: وهي (القدرة، والإرادة، والحياة، والعلم، والكلام، والسمع، والبصر)، وما عداها من الصفات فهو يقوم بتأويلهـا كالاسـتواء، والفوقيـة، والإتيـان، والغضب، والرحمة، والوجه، والعين، واليد، وغيرها من الصفات. * ووافق الأشاعرة في كثير من الأمور العقدية الأخرى، مثل: وجوب النظـر في معرفـة الله، وهـذا الوجـوب يكـون بالشرع خلافاً للمعتزلة التي توجبه بالعقل. * قد وافق (القاضي الملّا محمد خواهرزاد رحمه الله) أهـل الحديث في إثباتـه للقضـاء والقـدر وإثبـات مراتبه الأربعة، كما أنه وافقهم في أفعال العبـاد وأن لهـم كسـباً واختيـاراً ومشـيئة تابعـة لإرادة الله ومشيئته.

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An Investigation into the Use of Oral Communication Strategies by Senior Kurdish EFL University Students

Sakar Mikaeli; Barham Abdulrahman

Volume 10, Issue 1 , April 2023, , Pages 311-322

https://doi.org/10.24271/jgu.2023.101026

Abstract

The use of Oral Communication Strategies (OCSs) by Senior Kurdish EFL (English as a Foreign Language) university students to overcome communication breakdowns and the thoughts of their ... Read More

The Role of School Social Workers in Governmental and Non-Governmental Preparatory Schools A Comparative Field Study in the Centre of Erbil City

Maher Aziz; Mahmoud Hamza

Volume 10, Issue 3 , October 2023, , Pages 11-27

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10302

Abstract

School Social work is a constant need for educational institutions in contemporary societies. Social workers are considered an important component of the school. In the Kurdistan Region, ... Read More

A Sociological Interpretation of the Intellectual Persistence of "Hoaker and Its Appearance and Effects"

Aso Abdullah; Hiwa Mohammed

Volume 10, Issue 1 , April 2023, , Pages 1-14

https://doi.org/10.24271/jgu.1999.171038

Abstract

This paper, "A Sociological Interpretation of Intellectual Depression - Its Causes, Appearances and Effects", is an attempt to introduce intellectual depression from a sociological ... Read More

Administrative Geography of the Sassanid State in the Light of Some Examples of Unpublished Administrative Seals of the Sulaimani Museum

Bahra Abdulrahman; Kozad Ahmed

Volume 10, Issue 1 , April 2023, , Pages 15-25

https://doi.org/10.24271/jgu.2023.101012

Abstract

According to Sassanid sources, the Sassanid Empire had a solid and organized administrative system, and had a large number of different titles, ranks and professions to manage the affairs ... Read More

Passive in Kurdish and Persian languages (a comparative study)

Azad Sleman; Ebmorady morady; Sarwar Salah

Volume 10, Issue 2 , July 2023, , Pages 12-22

https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.2023.10202

Abstract

Regarding passive in Persian, two view-points are accessible: some argue that Persian language lack passive voice and shodan (become) is always an inchoative or linking verb. ... Read More

Original Article

Language Redefining from levels perspective (Expressions in Kurdish Language is a Model)

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.24271/jgu.2021.273555.1088

Abstract

پوختەی توێژینەوەئەم توێژینەوە ناونیشانی (پێناسەکردنەوەی زمان لە گۆشەنیگای ئاستەکانییەوە، زمانی کوردی ... Read More پوختەی توێژینەوەئەم توێژینەوە ناونیشانی (پێناسەکردنەوەی زمان لە گۆشەنیگای ئاستەکانییەوە، زمانی کوردی بە نمونە) بۆ دانراوە، ئاشکرایە، زمان جۆری زۆرە وەک ( زمانی ئاماژە، زمانی غەریزەیی، زمانی هزریی ..تاد،) بەڵام ئەم جۆرە زمانانە لێرەدا توێژینەوەیان لەسەر ناکراوە، بەڵکو مەبەستمان بەرهەمی زمانە، کە ئاخاوتن و دەربرینەکانی دەگرێتەوە، کە بە دەم گۆدەکرێن و بە گوێ دەبیسترێن، یان بە دەست دەنوسرێن و بە چاو دەخوێنرێنەوە، لێرەوە زمان وەک ئامرازێک بینراوە، بۆ ئەوەی مرۆڤ بیربۆچوونی خۆیی پێدەربرێت.توێژینەوەکە لە دوو بەش پێکهاتووە: لە بەشی یەکەمدا تێۆری ئاستەکانی زمان (پێکهاتەکانی زمان) لە روانگەی بیرورایی پسپۆرانی پیێشووتر و زانایانی زانستی زمانەوە توێژینەوەی لەسەرکراوە، هاوکات رێبازی ناوەکان و چۆنییەتی کارکردن لەسەر وشە و ناو و ناونان و دووبارەناونانەوە - خراوەتەروو، هەوڵدراوە بەپێی رێبازێکی وەسفی و شیکاریی ئەنجامی زانستی ورد بەرهەم بهێنرێت.بەشی دووەم، بەشێکی کارەکییە، هەوڵدراوە بەپێی دەربڕاوی زمانی کوردی شیکردنەوەی ورد و سەلماندنی بیروراکان بخرێنەروو، لە چێوەی زانست و بۆ زیاتر روونکردنەوەی بابەتەکەیش، لە روانگەی ئایینییەوە نمونەکان شیکردنەوەیان بۆ کراوە، لە کۆتای توێژینەوەکەشدا بە شێوەیەکی زانستی پێناسەیەی زمان کراوە و یەکێک لە ئەو ئەنجامەنەیش کە پێگەیشتووین ئەوەیە: زمان لە ناو پێکدێت و ناوەکانیش جیاکەرەوەی زمانەکانن و خودی زمانەکانیش پێکدێنن، ئەرکی کؤمەڵایەتی زمانیش زیاتر ناونان و دووبارە ناونانەیەوە، لە کۆتایشدا ئەنجام و لیستی سەرەچاوەکان دانراوە.

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