University of GarmianJournal of Garmian University231000879Special Issue20220401Drought and its effect on the underground water level in the Awaspi sub-districtDrought and its effect on the underground water level in the Awaspi sub-district12714915110.24271/jgu.2022.149151KUAzdeen DarweshDepartment of geography< College of Education , University of GarmianSamad Salihkoya universtyJournal Article20220502The Awaspi is a sub-district and small town of Kfri district, which is located in the southwestern part of Sulaymaniyah province and the northwest of Garmian administration. Awaspi is consist of 31 villages with an area of (629.7 km2), which consist of (22.45%) of the total area of Kfrri district. Drought is a natural phenomenon which has a direct impact on the decline and decrease of the underground water level in the case study area. The study aimed to analyze the effect of drought on the fluctuation of the underground water level in the research area and also aimed to display the decreasing and increasing the main source of wells water in years which is rainfall and then demonstrate a different level of groundwater and declining the water harvesting from springs and wells according to several years. The results revealed that there is a big difference in the level of the underground water in the area. Groundwater harvesting and its level are dropped continuously in the region because of declining rainfall and increasing air temperature. The rainfall was less than its average in the study area of 11 years out of 21, which caused the level of underground water to drop from (5-10m) to (38-63m). The level of groundwater in the northern parts of the area is declined slightly compared to its southern parts. This resulted in increasing wells' depth from (3-5m) to (60-170m). The average level of water wells stability is declined from (1.5-2m) to (10-76m) by (74m) and the average changeable water wells level is dropped on average by (55m). The wells' water harvest declined from (4-5 liter/second) to (3-3.5 liter/second) in 2021. The springs in the region are either out of use or are in tiny harvest. The record shows that the number of wells in the region is (218 machine wells) and (11 hand wells) and the springs are 40. The drought was caused to the 2 machine wells, 67 hand wells and the 233 springs being drying. Now, the depth of the groundwater level is between (38-130 M) in the region. The total average of underground water in the area in 2021 reaches (84.32 liter/second) which is equal to (2659115.52 m3/year).The Awaspi is a sub-district and small town of Kfri district, which is located in the southwestern part of Sulaymaniyah province and the northwest of Garmian administration. Awaspi is consist of 31 villages with an area of (629.7 km2), which consist of (22.45%) of the total area of Kfrri district. Drought is a natural phenomenon which has a direct impact on the decline and decrease of the underground water level in the case study area. The study aimed to analyze the effect of drought on the fluctuation of the underground water level in the research area and also aimed to display the decreasing and increasing the main source of wells water in years which is rainfall and then demonstrate a different level of groundwater and declining the water harvesting from springs and wells according to several years. The results revealed that there is a big difference in the level of the underground water in the area. Groundwater harvesting and its level are dropped continuously in the region because of declining rainfall and increasing air temperature. The rainfall was less than its average in the study area of 11 years out of 21, which caused the level of underground water to drop from (5-10m) to (38-63m). The level of groundwater in the northern parts of the area is declined slightly compared to its southern parts. This resulted in increasing wells' depth from (3-5m) to (60-170m). The average level of water wells stability is declined from (1.5-2m) to (10-76m) by (74m) and the average changeable water wells level is dropped on average by (55m). The wells' water harvest declined from (4-5 liter/second) to (3-3.5 liter/second) in 2021. The springs in the region are either out of use or are in tiny harvest. The record shows that the number of wells in the region is (218 machine wells) and (11 hand wells) and the springs are 40. The drought was caused to the 2 machine wells, 67 hand wells and the 233 springs being drying. Now, the depth of the groundwater level is between (38-130 M) in the region. The total average of underground water in the area in 2021 reaches (84.32 liter/second) which is equal to (2659115.52 m3/year).https://jgu.garmian.edu.krd/article_149151_4fea2bb3e579b2d58b3049a58d524b9f.pdfUniversity of GarmianJournal of Garmian University231000879Special Issue20220401شیكردنەوەی پەیوەندی نێوان دیاردەی وشكی ئاووهەوایی و گۆڕانی ڕووپۆشی ڕووەكی لەقەزای دەربەندیخان لەنێوان ساڵانی (2008 – 2021) بەجێبەجێكردنی میتۆدی (OBIA)شیكردنەوەی پەیوەندی نێوان دیاردەی وشكی ئاووهەوایی و گۆڕانی ڕووپۆشی ڕووەكی لەقەزای دەربەندیخان لەنێوان ساڵانی (2008 – 2021) بەجێبەجێكردنی میتۆدی (OBIA)285314915210.24271/jgu.2022.149152KUSalam NasirDepartment of Geography College of Humanities, University of RaparenHemin M. AminDepartment of Geography, College of Education, University of GarmianJournal Article20220502<strong>پوختە</strong><br /> دیاردەی وشكی ئاووهەوایی وەك یەكێك لە دەرئەنجامەكانی گەرمبوونی گۆی زەوی و گۆڕانی ئاووهەوا، بەیەكێك لە گاریگەرترین فاكتەرە نازیندوەكان دادەنرێت كە كاریگەری سلبی گەورەی لەسەر ژینگەی سروشتی بەگشتی و بەرگی زیندەگی (ڕووپۆشی ڕووەكی) بە تایبەتی هەیە. وشكی دیاردەیەكی ئاووهەوای جیهانییە لە ژینگەی جۆراوجۆر بوونی هەیە بە بێ ئەوەی سنورە كارگێڕی و سیاسییەكان بناسێت، روودەدات بە هۆی گۆڕانی داینامیكی پلەی گەرمی، بەهێزی تیشكی خۆر، هەروەها دابەزینی تێكڕاكانی دابارین. وڵاتان و دامەزراوە زانستی وئەكادیمییەكان پەنا دەبەنە بەر ڕێگەی جۆراوجۆر بۆ چاودێریكردنی ژینگەی سروشتی و دەرخستنی دەرئەنجامەكانی وشكی و كەمكرنەوەی كاریگەریەكانی، كە یەكێك لە ڕێگا و كاریگەر و زانستییەكان بریتییە لە پشت بەستن بە زانستی هەستكردن لە دورەوە (Remote Sensing). ئەم توێژینەوەیە هەوڵێكی زانستییە، كە ئامانجی سەرەكی ئەنجامدانی بریتییە لە ناساندنی تایبەتمەندییە ئاووهەواییەكانی ناوچەكە و شیكردنەوەی كاریگەری دیاردەی وشكی ئاووهەوای لەسەر گۆڕانی ڕووپۆشی ڕووەكی و دیاریكردنی بڕی گۆڕانكارییەكان لەڕوپۆشی ڕوەكی لە ناوچەی دەربەندیخان، ئەمەش لە ڕێگەی شیكردنەوەی وێنەی مانگەدەستكردەكان و زانیارییە ئامارییە ئاووهەوایەكانی ناوچەكە، بە بەكارهێنانی میتۆدێكی كاریگەر بە ناوی (Object Based Image Analysis) كە تیایدا زانیارییە شوێنی و شەبەنگییەكان (Spatial and Spectral information) بەیەكەوە كۆكراونەتەوە لە پێناو گەیشتن بە ئامانجەكانی توێژینەوەكە بە شێوەیەكی دروست و ورد. هەڵسەنگاندنی زانستی ورد (Accuracy Assessment) بۆ ئەنجامەكانی توێژینەوەكە كراوە، پاشان شیكردنەوەی زانستی بۆ ئەنجامە بەدەستهاتووەكان كراوە لە پێناو دەرخستنی پەیوەندی نێوان وشكی و گۆڕانی ڕووپۆشی ڕووەكی.<br />ئەنجامەكانی توێژینەوەكە ئاماژە بۆ ئەوە دەكەن كە بەگشتی ناوچەی لێكۆڵینەوە ناوچەیەكی نیمچە شێدارە، لەگەڵ ئەوەی چەند جارێك وشكی ئاووهەوای بە خۆیەوە بینیوە، و هەروەها ئەنجامی هەڵسەنگاندنی وردی پشتڕاستی وردی و كاریگەری میتۆدی بەكارهێنراو دەكاتەوە و ئەوە دەسەلمێنێت كە ئەنجامەكان بڕوا پێكراون بەو پێیەی تێكڕای وردی بۆ سەرجەم قۆناغەكانی توێژینەوەكە لە نێوان 92.9% بۆ 93.32% بووە. لە شیكردنەوەی پەیوەندی دیاردەی وشكی و گۆڕانی پشتێنەكانی ڕووەكی سروشتی، كاریگەری دیاردەی وشكی ئاووهەوای سەلمێنراوە<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />میتۆد و ئەنجامەكانی ئەم توێژینەوەیە دەكرێت ببێت بە بنچینەیەكی گرنگ بۆ ئەوەی لە داهاتوودا لەسەر سەرجەم ڕووبەری هەرێمی كوردستان جێبەجێبكرێت، بۆ ئەوەی توێژەران و لایەنی پەیوەندیدارەكان و هەروەها پلاندانەران سوود لە ئەنجامەكانی توێژینەوەكە ببینین بۆ دانانی پلانی گونجاو بۆ روبەڕوبوونەوەی ئاڵانگارییە ژینگەی و ئاووهەواییەكان بە باشترین شێوە.<strong>پوختە</strong><br /> دیاردەی وشكی ئاووهەوایی وەك یەكێك لە دەرئەنجامەكانی گەرمبوونی گۆی زەوی و گۆڕانی ئاووهەوا، بەیەكێك لە گاریگەرترین فاكتەرە نازیندوەكان دادەنرێت كە كاریگەری سلبی گەورەی لەسەر ژینگەی سروشتی بەگشتی و بەرگی زیندەگی (ڕووپۆشی ڕووەكی) بە تایبەتی هەیە. وشكی دیاردەیەكی ئاووهەوای جیهانییە لە ژینگەی جۆراوجۆر بوونی هەیە بە بێ ئەوەی سنورە كارگێڕی و سیاسییەكان بناسێت، روودەدات بە هۆی گۆڕانی داینامیكی پلەی گەرمی، بەهێزی تیشكی خۆر، هەروەها دابەزینی تێكڕاكانی دابارین. وڵاتان و دامەزراوە زانستی وئەكادیمییەكان پەنا دەبەنە بەر ڕێگەی جۆراوجۆر بۆ چاودێریكردنی ژینگەی سروشتی و دەرخستنی دەرئەنجامەكانی وشكی و كەمكرنەوەی كاریگەریەكانی، كە یەكێك لە ڕێگا و كاریگەر و زانستییەكان بریتییە لە پشت بەستن بە زانستی هەستكردن لە دورەوە (Remote Sensing). ئەم توێژینەوەیە هەوڵێكی زانستییە، كە ئامانجی سەرەكی ئەنجامدانی بریتییە لە ناساندنی تایبەتمەندییە ئاووهەواییەكانی ناوچەكە و شیكردنەوەی كاریگەری دیاردەی وشكی ئاووهەوای لەسەر گۆڕانی ڕووپۆشی ڕووەكی و دیاریكردنی بڕی گۆڕانكارییەكان لەڕوپۆشی ڕوەكی لە ناوچەی دەربەندیخان، ئەمەش لە ڕێگەی شیكردنەوەی وێنەی مانگەدەستكردەكان و زانیارییە ئامارییە ئاووهەوایەكانی ناوچەكە، بە بەكارهێنانی میتۆدێكی كاریگەر بە ناوی (Object Based Image Analysis) كە تیایدا زانیارییە شوێنی و شەبەنگییەكان (Spatial and Spectral information) بەیەكەوە كۆكراونەتەوە لە پێناو گەیشتن بە ئامانجەكانی توێژینەوەكە بە شێوەیەكی دروست و ورد. هەڵسەنگاندنی زانستی ورد (Accuracy Assessment) بۆ ئەنجامەكانی توێژینەوەكە كراوە، پاشان شیكردنەوەی زانستی بۆ ئەنجامە بەدەستهاتووەكان كراوە لە پێناو دەرخستنی پەیوەندی نێوان وشكی و گۆڕانی ڕووپۆشی ڕووەكی.<br />ئەنجامەكانی توێژینەوەكە ئاماژە بۆ ئەوە دەكەن كە بەگشتی ناوچەی لێكۆڵینەوە ناوچەیەكی نیمچە شێدارە، لەگەڵ ئەوەی چەند جارێك وشكی ئاووهەوای بە خۆیەوە بینیوە، و هەروەها ئەنجامی هەڵسەنگاندنی وردی پشتڕاستی وردی و كاریگەری میتۆدی بەكارهێنراو دەكاتەوە و ئەوە دەسەلمێنێت كە ئەنجامەكان بڕوا پێكراون بەو پێیەی تێكڕای وردی بۆ سەرجەم قۆناغەكانی توێژینەوەكە لە نێوان 92.9% بۆ 93.32% بووە. لە شیكردنەوەی پەیوەندی دیاردەی وشكی و گۆڕانی پشتێنەكانی ڕووەكی سروشتی، كاریگەری دیاردەی وشكی ئاووهەوای سەلمێنراوە<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />میتۆد و ئەنجامەكانی ئەم توێژینەوەیە دەكرێت ببێت بە بنچینەیەكی گرنگ بۆ ئەوەی لە داهاتوودا لەسەر سەرجەم ڕووبەری هەرێمی كوردستان جێبەجێبكرێت، بۆ ئەوەی توێژەران و لایەنی پەیوەندیدارەكان و هەروەها پلاندانەران سوود لە ئەنجامەكانی توێژینەوەكە ببینین بۆ دانانی پلانی گونجاو بۆ روبەڕوبوونەوەی ئاڵانگارییە ژینگەی و ئاووهەواییەكان بە باشترین شێوە.https://jgu.garmian.edu.krd/article_149152_44bca444fbe84794a8078fe8c94c1c6f.pdfUniversity of GarmianJournal of Garmian University231000879Special Issue20220401Determine the suitable site to build dams of Saidsadiq district by using Geographical information systemDetermine the suitable site to build dams of Saidsadiq district by using Geographical information system547814915510.24271/jgu.2022.149155KUEzaaden DarwishGeography Department, College of Humanities , University of Garmian , Kurdistan Region - Iraq.Omed Hamabaqi OmedHamaGeography, Humanities Education, University of SulaimaniJournal Article20220502Saidsadiq district is located in the north-east of Kurdistan region and south-east of Sulaymaniyah governorate, between the latitudes (35°15'26" N -35°37'2" N) north and longitudes (45°35'12" E - 45°57'47"E) east, its area is(697 km<sup>2</sup>).<br /> As a result of the increase in the population and the increase in their need to use water for various activists, Despite the instability of the annual and low rainfall in a few years at the rate of the need for the growth of seasonal agriculture, Wheat, Barley, chickpea,...ext) and decreasing the level of water under the ground, drying and decreasing the water of Springs and Fountains, The reasons for doing this investigation to continuously develop the water resources and use them In a scientific way, using practical methods and presenting the results in the most suitable place for water storage and dam construction in Saidsadiq district, depending of analyzing the characteristics of the natural environment of the area and using the geographical information system program (GIS 10.0) and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with resolution (25m), One of the most important results of the research is to determine the four suitable places for building dams, Which is located in the north and middle of the research area, dam (1) (35°18'46"N-45°41'27"E) its area is (7.5km<sup>2</sup>) the ability of water depoting (250 million/m<sup>3</sup>), dam (2) (35°18'46"N-45°41'27"E) its area is (3.5k<sup>2</sup>) and the ability water depoting (120 million/m<sup>3</sup>), dam (3) (35°18'46"N-45°41'27"E) its area is (13 km<sup>2</sup>), and the ability water depoting (405 million/m<sup>3</sup>), dam (4) (35°18'46"N-45°41'27"E) its area is (3.1k<sup>2</sup>) the ability to water depoting (44.7 million/m<sup>3</sup>).Saidsadiq district is located in the north-east of Kurdistan region and south-east of Sulaymaniyah governorate, between the latitudes (35°15'26" N -35°37'2" N) north and longitudes (45°35'12" E - 45°57'47"E) east, its area is(697 km<sup>2</sup>).<br /> As a result of the increase in the population and the increase in their need to use water for various activists, Despite the instability of the annual and low rainfall in a few years at the rate of the need for the growth of seasonal agriculture, Wheat, Barley, chickpea,...ext) and decreasing the level of water under the ground, drying and decreasing the water of Springs and Fountains, The reasons for doing this investigation to continuously develop the water resources and use them In a scientific way, using practical methods and presenting the results in the most suitable place for water storage and dam construction in Saidsadiq district, depending of analyzing the characteristics of the natural environment of the area and using the geographical information system program (GIS 10.0) and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with resolution (25m), One of the most important results of the research is to determine the four suitable places for building dams, Which is located in the north and middle of the research area, dam (1) (35°18'46"N-45°41'27"E) its area is (7.5km<sup>2</sup>) the ability of water depoting (250 million/m<sup>3</sup>), dam (2) (35°18'46"N-45°41'27"E) its area is (3.5k<sup>2</sup>) and the ability water depoting (120 million/m<sup>3</sup>), dam (3) (35°18'46"N-45°41'27"E) its area is (13 km<sup>2</sup>), and the ability water depoting (405 million/m<sup>3</sup>), dam (4) (35°18'46"N-45°41'27"E) its area is (3.1k<sup>2</sup>) the ability to water depoting (44.7 million/m<sup>3</sup>).https://jgu.garmian.edu.krd/article_149155_27d769f5b9632ae12b031ed4ffc49dde.pdfUniversity of GarmianJournal of Garmian University231000879Special Issue20220401شیکردنەوەی جوگرافی بۆ بەنداوە پێشنیارکراوەکانی ئیدارەی ڕاپەڕین و کاریگەریان لەسەر دیاردەی وشکەساڵی و ئاوی خواردنەوەی دانیشتوانی سەنتەرە شارنشینەکان.شیکردنەوەی جوگرافی بۆ بەنداوە پێشنیارکراوەکانی ئیدارەی ڕاپەڕین و کاریگەریان لەسەر دیاردەی وشکەساڵی و ئاوی خواردنەوەی دانیشتوانی سەنتەرە شارنشینەکان.799714915610.24271/jgu.2022.149156KUBestoon Hussainزانکۆی ڕاپەڕینAli Aliزانکۆی ڕاپەڕینJournal Article20220502بەنداو ئەو بەربەستەیە کە لەبەردەمی ڕووبارێک یان دۆڵێک دادەنرێت بۆ گلداوەی ئاو لەوەرزی داباریندا، سود و مەرجەکانی بەنداو لەبەشی دووەم نوسراوە بەڵام بەنداوە دوو سود و مەبەستی سەرەکی هەیە: یەکەمیان بۆ کۆنتڕۆڵکردنی لافاوە، دووەمیان بۆ بەکارهێنانی ئاوی گلدراوە بۆ پڕۆژە جۆربەجۆرەکان، لەوانە بەرهەمهێنانی کارەبا و ئاودێری کشتوکاڵی و دابەشکردنی ئاوە بەسەر دانیشتواندا، بەتایبەتی دانیشتوانی شارنشین. لەئیدارەی ڕاپەڕین گرفتی وشکەساڵی هەیە و بەهۆیەوە گرفتی کەم ئاوی دروستدەبێت و ئاو وەکو پێویست دابەشناکرێت بەسەر دانیشتواندا، ئیدارەی ڕاپەڕین چەندین شوێنی گونجاوی هەیە بۆ دروستکردنی بەنداو لەسەری، بۆیە حکومەتی هەرێمی کوردستان پێشنیاری دروستکردنی (20) بەنداوی تێداکردووە، (17یان) دەکەونە قەزای پشدەرەوەو (3)شیان دەکەونە قەزای ڕانیەوە.وشکەساڵی یەکێکە لەبابەتە گرنگەکانی ئەم سەردەمە ئەمەش وایکردوە ببێتە جیگەی سەرنج و تێڕامانی پسپۆڕە جیاوازەکان بەتایبەتی پسپۆڕانی بواری جوگرافیا کەزۆر بەگرنگیەوە بڕواننە ئەم بابەتە . بێگومان وشکە ساڵی لەم سەردەمەی ئێستادا بۆتە دیاردەیەکی جیهانی وەک مەترسیەک ڕووبەڕووی تەواوی وڵاتانی جیهان بۆتەوە ئەگەر چارەسەری بۆنەدۆزرێتەوە بەدڵنیاییەوە لەداهاتودا چەندین دەرهاویشتەی مەترسی دار بەدوای خۆیدا دەهێنێت . ئیدارەی ڕاپەڕین وەک ناوچەی توێژینەوە دەکەوێتە باکوری خۆرهەڵاتی هەرێمی کوردستانی عێڕاق ئەم ناوچەیەش هاوشێوەی تەواوی ناوچەکانی جیهان وعێڕاق ئاسەوارەکانی وشکە ساڵی زۆربەڕونی تێدا دەرکەوتوە بەجۆرێک بۆتەهۆکاری دروستبونی گیروگرفتی جۆراوجۆری لەناوچەکەدا.گرنگی ئەم توێژینەوەیە لەوەدایە پەیوەندیەکی ڕاستەوخۆی بەبوارەکانی پلاندان و پەرەپێدان و ژینگە و ئابوری ناوچەکەوە هەیە. هەروەها ئەو ڕێگا چارەسەرانە دەخاتەڕو کە دەتوانرێت ئاسەوارە خراپەکانی وشکە ساڵی لە ناوچەکەدا پێ کەم بکرێتەوە . ئامانجی توێژینەوەکە دەست نیشانی ئەو ئاسەوارە خراپانەیە کە بە هۆی دیاردەی وشکەو ساڵیەوە ڕووبە ڕووی ئیدارەی ڕاپەڕین بۆتەوە بە ئامانجی ئەوەی ئەوەی ببێتە دەروازەیەک بۆ حکومەت ولایەنە پەیوەندی دارەکانی ناوچەکە تا لەمەترسیەکانی ئەم دیاردەیە لە ناوچەی لێکۆڵینەوە ئاگاداربن و بتوانن ڕوبەڕوی ببنەوەوڕێگا چارەسەری گونجاوی بۆ دابنێن. لەم توێژینەوەیەدا میتۆدەکانی شیکاری وبەراوودکاری بەکارهێنراوە. لەڕووی پلانەوە توێژینەوەکە پێک هاتوە لە سێ تەوەر تەوەری یەکەم : تیشک دەخاتە سەر وشکە ساڵی وهۆکارەکانی تەوەری دووەم تایبەتە بە وشکە ساڵی و کاریگەری لەسەر ئیدارەی ڕاپەڕین تەوەری سێیەم تیشک دەخاتە سەر بەنداوە پێشنیار کراوەکانی ئیدارەی ڕاپەڕین ودەرهاو یشتەکانی.بەنداو ئەو بەربەستەیە کە لەبەردەمی ڕووبارێک یان دۆڵێک دادەنرێت بۆ گلداوەی ئاو لەوەرزی داباریندا، سود و مەرجەکانی بەنداو لەبەشی دووەم نوسراوە بەڵام بەنداوە دوو سود و مەبەستی سەرەکی هەیە: یەکەمیان بۆ کۆنتڕۆڵکردنی لافاوە، دووەمیان بۆ بەکارهێنانی ئاوی گلدراوە بۆ پڕۆژە جۆربەجۆرەکان، لەوانە بەرهەمهێنانی کارەبا و ئاودێری کشتوکاڵی و دابەشکردنی ئاوە بەسەر دانیشتواندا، بەتایبەتی دانیشتوانی شارنشین. لەئیدارەی ڕاپەڕین گرفتی وشکەساڵی هەیە و بەهۆیەوە گرفتی کەم ئاوی دروستدەبێت و ئاو وەکو پێویست دابەشناکرێت بەسەر دانیشتواندا، ئیدارەی ڕاپەڕین چەندین شوێنی گونجاوی هەیە بۆ دروستکردنی بەنداو لەسەری، بۆیە حکومەتی هەرێمی کوردستان پێشنیاری دروستکردنی (20) بەنداوی تێداکردووە، (17یان) دەکەونە قەزای پشدەرەوەو (3)شیان دەکەونە قەزای ڕانیەوە.وشکەساڵی یەکێکە لەبابەتە گرنگەکانی ئەم سەردەمە ئەمەش وایکردوە ببێتە جیگەی سەرنج و تێڕامانی پسپۆڕە جیاوازەکان بەتایبەتی پسپۆڕانی بواری جوگرافیا کەزۆر بەگرنگیەوە بڕواننە ئەم بابەتە . بێگومان وشکە ساڵی لەم سەردەمەی ئێستادا بۆتە دیاردەیەکی جیهانی وەک مەترسیەک ڕووبەڕووی تەواوی وڵاتانی جیهان بۆتەوە ئەگەر چارەسەری بۆنەدۆزرێتەوە بەدڵنیاییەوە لەداهاتودا چەندین دەرهاویشتەی مەترسی دار بەدوای خۆیدا دەهێنێت . ئیدارەی ڕاپەڕین وەک ناوچەی توێژینەوە دەکەوێتە باکوری خۆرهەڵاتی هەرێمی کوردستانی عێڕاق ئەم ناوچەیەش هاوشێوەی تەواوی ناوچەکانی جیهان وعێڕاق ئاسەوارەکانی وشکە ساڵی زۆربەڕونی تێدا دەرکەوتوە بەجۆرێک بۆتەهۆکاری دروستبونی گیروگرفتی جۆراوجۆری لەناوچەکەدا.گرنگی ئەم توێژینەوەیە لەوەدایە پەیوەندیەکی ڕاستەوخۆی بەبوارەکانی پلاندان و پەرەپێدان و ژینگە و ئابوری ناوچەکەوە هەیە. هەروەها ئەو ڕێگا چارەسەرانە دەخاتەڕو کە دەتوانرێت ئاسەوارە خراپەکانی وشکە ساڵی لە ناوچەکەدا پێ کەم بکرێتەوە . ئامانجی توێژینەوەکە دەست نیشانی ئەو ئاسەوارە خراپانەیە کە بە هۆی دیاردەی وشکەو ساڵیەوە ڕووبە ڕووی ئیدارەی ڕاپەڕین بۆتەوە بە ئامانجی ئەوەی ئەوەی ببێتە دەروازەیەک بۆ حکومەت ولایەنە پەیوەندی دارەکانی ناوچەکە تا لەمەترسیەکانی ئەم دیاردەیە لە ناوچەی لێکۆڵینەوە ئاگاداربن و بتوانن ڕوبەڕوی ببنەوەوڕێگا چارەسەری گونجاوی بۆ دابنێن. لەم توێژینەوەیەدا میتۆدەکانی شیکاری وبەراوودکاری بەکارهێنراوە. لەڕووی پلانەوە توێژینەوەکە پێک هاتوە لە سێ تەوەر تەوەری یەکەم : تیشک دەخاتە سەر وشکە ساڵی وهۆکارەکانی تەوەری دووەم تایبەتە بە وشکە ساڵی و کاریگەری لەسەر ئیدارەی ڕاپەڕین تەوەری سێیەم تیشک دەخاتە سەر بەنداوە پێشنیار کراوەکانی ئیدارەی ڕاپەڕین ودەرهاو یشتەکانی.https://jgu.garmian.edu.krd/article_149156_d64daa98dd45e6153d37d0f9a93aa554.pdfUniversity of GarmianJournal of Garmian University231000879Special Issue20220401وشكهساڵی و كاریگهری لهسهر پرۆسهی بهبیابان بوون لهقهزای خانهقینوشكهساڵی و كاریگهری لهسهر پرۆسهی بهبیابان بوون لهقهزای خانهقین9811214915710.24271/jgu.2022.149157KUAhmed Abdullahبهشی جوگرافیا، زانكۆی گهرمیان .Ahmed Aliكۆلێجی پهروهردهی بنهڕهت، بهشی زانسته كۆمهڵایهتیهكان، زانكۆی گهرمیان .Muhammed Karimكۆلێجی پهروهرده، بهشی جوگرافیا، زانكۆی گهرمیان .Journal Article20220502وشكهساڵی یهكێكه لهو كێشه و دیارده ئاووههوایانهی كهوا زۆرێك له ناوچه(وشك، نیمچهوشك) و تهنانهت ناوچه شێدارهكانیش دهگرێتهوه، بهڵام كاریگهری ئهم دیاردهیه لهناوچه وشك و نیمچه وشكهكان زیاتره. ههرێمی كوردستان بهحوكمی شوێنی جوگرافی دهكهوێته ناوچهی نیمچه خولگهییهوه،كه وشكهساڵی ئهگهری ڕوودانی لێدهكرێت ،بهتایبهت ناوچهی توێژینهوه كه لهچوارچیوهی ههرێمی كوردستاندا دهكهوێته ناوچهی نیمچهوشكهوه، ئهمهش ئهگهری ڕوودان و كاریگهریهكانی زیاتر دهكات .یهكێك لهفاكتهره سروشتیه بههێزهكانی ڕوودانی بهبیابانبوون لهههر جێگهیهك پهیوهندی به كێشه ئاووههوایهكانهوه ههیه، بهتایبهت كێشهی وشكهساڵی، وه بهبیابانبوون دادهنرێت به كارهستاتێكی ژینگهیی گهوره ، كاریگهری لهسهر تهواوی لایهنهكانى ژیان دهبێت و كارهساتی سروشتی و مرۆیى لێدهكهوێتهوه لهههرجێگهیهك كه ڕووبدات . ئامانجی ئهم توێژینهوه بریتیه له دهرخستنی ساڵهكانی وشكهساڵی و كاریگهری لهسهر پرۆسهی بهبیابان بوون،لهم توێژینهوهدا پشت بهستراوه به ڕێبازی وهصفی و شیكاری چهندێتی لهدهرخستنی وشكهساڵی و ڕادهی توندیهكهی و. هاوكێشهی ئاماری و سیستهمی زانیاری جوگرافی و ههستكردن لهدوورهوه بهكارهينراوه بۆ دهرخستنی كاریگهری وشكهساڵی و جۆری بههێزی و لاوازیهكهی و كاریگهریهكانی لهسهر مهترسی ڕوودانی بهبیابان بوون لهناوچهكه ، لهئهنجامدا دهركهوت كه وشكهساڵی هۆكارهكانی ڕوودانی بهبیابان بوونی لهناوچهی توێژینهوه خێراتر كردووه، بههۆكاری كهمبونهوهی باران و زیادكردنی كورتهێنانی ئاویی ئاووههواو كهمبونهوهی ڕووهك. ههروهها چارهسهری گونجاو پێشنیار كراوه وهك گرتنهبهری ڕێگهی دروینهكردنی ئاو، وه زیادكردن و پاراستنی ڕووهك تاوهكو سنورێك بۆ ئهم كاریگهریه دابنرێت.وشكهساڵی یهكێكه لهو كێشه و دیارده ئاووههوایانهی كهوا زۆرێك له ناوچه(وشك، نیمچهوشك) و تهنانهت ناوچه شێدارهكانیش دهگرێتهوه، بهڵام كاریگهری ئهم دیاردهیه لهناوچه وشك و نیمچه وشكهكان زیاتره. ههرێمی كوردستان بهحوكمی شوێنی جوگرافی دهكهوێته ناوچهی نیمچه خولگهییهوه،كه وشكهساڵی ئهگهری ڕوودانی لێدهكرێت ،بهتایبهت ناوچهی توێژینهوه كه لهچوارچیوهی ههرێمی كوردستاندا دهكهوێته ناوچهی نیمچهوشكهوه، ئهمهش ئهگهری ڕوودان و كاریگهریهكانی زیاتر دهكات .یهكێك لهفاكتهره سروشتیه بههێزهكانی ڕوودانی بهبیابانبوون لهههر جێگهیهك پهیوهندی به كێشه ئاووههوایهكانهوه ههیه، بهتایبهت كێشهی وشكهساڵی، وه بهبیابانبوون دادهنرێت به كارهستاتێكی ژینگهیی گهوره ، كاریگهری لهسهر تهواوی لایهنهكانى ژیان دهبێت و كارهساتی سروشتی و مرۆیى لێدهكهوێتهوه لهههرجێگهیهك كه ڕووبدات . ئامانجی ئهم توێژینهوه بریتیه له دهرخستنی ساڵهكانی وشكهساڵی و كاریگهری لهسهر پرۆسهی بهبیابان بوون،لهم توێژینهوهدا پشت بهستراوه به ڕێبازی وهصفی و شیكاری چهندێتی لهدهرخستنی وشكهساڵی و ڕادهی توندیهكهی و. هاوكێشهی ئاماری و سیستهمی زانیاری جوگرافی و ههستكردن لهدوورهوه بهكارهينراوه بۆ دهرخستنی كاریگهری وشكهساڵی و جۆری بههێزی و لاوازیهكهی و كاریگهریهكانی لهسهر مهترسی ڕوودانی بهبیابان بوون لهناوچهكه ، لهئهنجامدا دهركهوت كه وشكهساڵی هۆكارهكانی ڕوودانی بهبیابان بوونی لهناوچهی توێژینهوه خێراتر كردووه، بههۆكاری كهمبونهوهی باران و زیادكردنی كورتهێنانی ئاویی ئاووههواو كهمبونهوهی ڕووهك. ههروهها چارهسهری گونجاو پێشنیار كراوه وهك گرتنهبهری ڕێگهی دروینهكردنی ئاو، وه زیادكردن و پاراستنی ڕووهك تاوهكو سنورێك بۆ ئهم كاریگهریه دابنرێت.https://jgu.garmian.edu.krd/article_149157_beb0c2098434e04f32116cf1044fc4ef.pdfUniversity of GarmianJournal of Garmian University231000879Special Issue20220401شیكردنەوەی سینۆپتیكی بۆ دیاردەی وشكەساڵی لە پارێزگاكانی سلێمانی و هەڵەبجە (1992-2018)شیكردنەوەی سینۆپتیكی بۆ دیاردەی وشكەساڵی لە پارێزگاكانی سلێمانی و هەڵەبجە (1992-2018)11313114916110.24271/jgu.2022.149161KUAhmed Aliكۆلێجی پهروهردهی بنهڕهت، بهشی زانسته كۆمهڵایهتیهكان، زانكۆی گهرمیانAhmed Abdullahكۆلێجی پهروهرده، بهشی جوگرافیا، زانكۆی گهرمیانMuhammed Kareemكۆلێجی پهروهرده، بهشی جوگرافیا، زانكۆی گهرمیانJournal Article20220502Drought is one of weather and environment hazards, this phenomenon occurs in all areas, not only in those areas with high rainfall rates. Although Sulaimaniyah and Halabja are considered rainy areas, their rains are not stable and will face drought. Our research focuses on analyzing the statistics and synopic of the drought, using data from both European and American climate center (ECMWF & NOAA). The aim of the research is to identify and show the extent and recurrence of dry monthly dry and drought with the synoptic causes of drought. The research came to a some of conclusions, the most important of result: three years of widespread drought (1998-1999), (2007-2008, 2008-2009), and the number of recurrence sequential and dryness Monthly differs from this type of research (very strong dry 39 times, medium dry 24 times, weak dryness 20 times, strength dryness 16 times and normal dryness 109 times). Another result showed that during the research, there October and May were the most effective dry months with very strong dryness. According to the difference in the location of the drought rate, Penjwen's station in other stations has been more effective in terms of drought rates during the research. The synoptic reasons affecting the occurrence of the drought are: at the sea level pressure, the domination of Siberian highs pressure over the research area and the Mediterranean Sea, or the creation of high presuure belts from Azori to Siberian. At the level of 850 hp, the advance of the subtropical high-pressure belt, particularly the domination of Saudi Arabian and Upper Ridgs on the research area, and at the level of 500 hP. The horizontal movement winds and the (Ridge) patterns, each of these synoptic reasons at different levels of pressure, are the causes of drought in Sulaimaniyah and Halabja provincesDrought is one of weather and environment hazards, this phenomenon occurs in all areas, not only in those areas with high rainfall rates. Although Sulaimaniyah and Halabja are considered rainy areas, their rains are not stable and will face drought. Our research focuses on analyzing the statistics and synopic of the drought, using data from both European and American climate center (ECMWF & NOAA). The aim of the research is to identify and show the extent and recurrence of dry monthly dry and drought with the synoptic causes of drought. The research came to a some of conclusions, the most important of result: three years of widespread drought (1998-1999), (2007-2008, 2008-2009), and the number of recurrence sequential and dryness Monthly differs from this type of research (very strong dry 39 times, medium dry 24 times, weak dryness 20 times, strength dryness 16 times and normal dryness 109 times). Another result showed that during the research, there October and May were the most effective dry months with very strong dryness. According to the difference in the location of the drought rate, Penjwen's station in other stations has been more effective in terms of drought rates during the research. The synoptic reasons affecting the occurrence of the drought are: at the sea level pressure, the domination of Siberian highs pressure over the research area and the Mediterranean Sea, or the creation of high presuure belts from Azori to Siberian. At the level of 850 hp, the advance of the subtropical high-pressure belt, particularly the domination of Saudi Arabian and Upper Ridgs on the research area, and at the level of 500 hP. The horizontal movement winds and the (Ridge) patterns, each of these synoptic reasons at different levels of pressure, are the causes of drought in Sulaimaniyah and Halabja provinceshttps://jgu.garmian.edu.krd/article_149161_9f81b2fef9571bf8839299a5ddddc44e.pdfUniversity of GarmianJournal of Garmian University231000879Special Issue20220401Cartographic representation For the morphometric and hydrological characteristics of the river basins in Kalar districtCartographic representation For the morphometric and hydrological characteristics of the river basins in Kalar district13216014916210.24271/jgu.2022.149162KUKhalil Brakhasزانكۆی گەرمیان-كۆلیجی پەروەردەی بنەرەتAram HassanCollege of Basic Education
Social Sciences DepartmentJournal Article20220502The research aims to analyze the morphometric and hydrological characteristics of the river valley basins located in the west of the Sirwan River within the administrative boundaries of the Kalar district، which number (8) eight major valleys and their morphometric and hydrological evolution for the period (2000-2015)، and for the purpose of analyzing the relationship between the natural components And its impact on the morphometric and hydrological phenomena and the natural variables of those water basins، which contributed to the development and variation of the water basins in the study area. Geographical information systems programs were relied on to show the morphometric and hydrological components (the amount of running water) for the river basins، which are within The semi-arid climate range in the semi-mountainous region south of Sulaymaniyah Governorate of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.<br /> As the program (Arcmap10.8@RS) and a topographic and hydrological map at a scale (1;2500) were used، as well as reliance on the US satellite images on (WWW.USGS.COM) of the type (LAND SAT8 Oli) on 9/18 2020، in addition to the (DEM M<sup>15</sup>) and (STREM M<sup>15</sup>) elevation file for the study area and then relying on the (ERDAS IMAGIN2014) program for the purpose of Producing Cartographic representation and geographical information base showing the seasonal and annual hydrological situation of these water basins، which will contribute to the development of study area.<br />The study has come to some important conclusions to some important measures to enjoy the order of geographical information as much as the high level of representation of the morphomorphic and biological drawings of the country's subjects.also natural properties and climates have a direct effect on the morphometer and hydrometic properties of the Basin water, such as the branching and lengths of the Basin and the amount of water that has flowed. <br /> And according to the results of the Basin water symbiosis, the highest amount of flooding to the Basin water appears to be between (1.4- 3.5 m3/ch), And according to Berkley's co-ordination results, the annual amount of expected water flow in the Basin water will be near (2.6 billion/m3), the highest of which reaches (0.626) billion/m3 in the (Qalatopzan) basin and the lowest is (0.211 ) billion/m3 in the (Kawacharmo) basin.The research aims to analyze the morphometric and hydrological characteristics of the river valley basins located in the west of the Sirwan River within the administrative boundaries of the Kalar district، which number (8) eight major valleys and their morphometric and hydrological evolution for the period (2000-2015)، and for the purpose of analyzing the relationship between the natural components And its impact on the morphometric and hydrological phenomena and the natural variables of those water basins، which contributed to the development and variation of the water basins in the study area. Geographical information systems programs were relied on to show the morphometric and hydrological components (the amount of running water) for the river basins، which are within The semi-arid climate range in the semi-mountainous region south of Sulaymaniyah Governorate of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.<br /> As the program (Arcmap10.8@RS) and a topographic and hydrological map at a scale (1;2500) were used، as well as reliance on the US satellite images on (WWW.USGS.COM) of the type (LAND SAT8 Oli) on 9/18 2020، in addition to the (DEM M<sup>15</sup>) and (STREM M<sup>15</sup>) elevation file for the study area and then relying on the (ERDAS IMAGIN2014) program for the purpose of Producing Cartographic representation and geographical information base showing the seasonal and annual hydrological situation of these water basins، which will contribute to the development of study area.<br />The study has come to some important conclusions to some important measures to enjoy the order of geographical information as much as the high level of representation of the morphomorphic and biological drawings of the country's subjects.also natural properties and climates have a direct effect on the morphometer and hydrometic properties of the Basin water, such as the branching and lengths of the Basin and the amount of water that has flowed. <br /> And according to the results of the Basin water symbiosis, the highest amount of flooding to the Basin water appears to be between (1.4- 3.5 m3/ch), And according to Berkley's co-ordination results, the annual amount of expected water flow in the Basin water will be near (2.6 billion/m3), the highest of which reaches (0.626) billion/m3 in the (Qalatopzan) basin and the lowest is (0.211 ) billion/m3 in the (Kawacharmo) basin.https://jgu.garmian.edu.krd/article_149162_887d71efc94007d98b8a917d8369793c.pdfUniversity of GarmianJournal of Garmian University231000879Special Issue20220401Change the pattern and extent of the control of the pressure closure phenomenon on the Mediterranean SeaChange the pattern and extent of the control of the pressure closure phenomenon on the Mediterranean Sea16117414916310.24271/jgu.2022.149163KUAhmed Muhammedجامعة البصرة –كلية التربية للبناتJournal Article20220502The objective of the research is to detect a significant global phenomenon that controls the Mediterranean sea atmosphere during the rainy season. It is characterized by the complete control of one of the Mediterranean basin. This phenomenon is known as pressure closure. The observational maps of the observations (00 Z) and (1200 Z) The first two climates, 1957-1958, 1967-1967, and the second climatic cycle 2007 / 2008-2017 / 2018, adopted the maps published on the website of the US Atmospheric and Oceanic Agency (NOAA). The study showed that there are four air heights that cause complete control of the Mediterranean Sea. Azorean Anti cyclone and the European Anticyclone and North Africa Anti cyclone and Integrated Anticyclone The analysis of the monthly and seasonal averages of the number of days of control showed that there was a rise in the overall control of the Mediterranean basin due to Climate change with a clear rise in North African survival rates greater than the rest of the anti cyclone, High-pressure air after the control of the Azorean and the European high in the first round. And that the increase in the number of days of the survival of cases of pressure closure on the Mediterranean lead to the sovereignty of the stability of the atmosphere on the region and prevent the formation of depressions and the distance of the tracks from the Mediterranean and thus reflected on the lack of precipitation in general .The objective of the research is to detect a significant global phenomenon that controls the Mediterranean sea atmosphere during the rainy season. It is characterized by the complete control of one of the Mediterranean basin. This phenomenon is known as pressure closure. The observational maps of the observations (00 Z) and (1200 Z) The first two climates, 1957-1958, 1967-1967, and the second climatic cycle 2007 / 2008-2017 / 2018, adopted the maps published on the website of the US Atmospheric and Oceanic Agency (NOAA). The study showed that there are four air heights that cause complete control of the Mediterranean Sea. Azorean Anti cyclone and the European Anticyclone and North Africa Anti cyclone and Integrated Anticyclone The analysis of the monthly and seasonal averages of the number of days of control showed that there was a rise in the overall control of the Mediterranean basin due to Climate change with a clear rise in North African survival rates greater than the rest of the anti cyclone, High-pressure air after the control of the Azorean and the European high in the first round. And that the increase in the number of days of the survival of cases of pressure closure on the Mediterranean lead to the sovereignty of the stability of the atmosphere on the region and prevent the formation of depressions and the distance of the tracks from the Mediterranean and thus reflected on the lack of precipitation in general .https://jgu.garmian.edu.krd/article_149163_5f236da6ded06e00c4628b9c4a7dcc9e.pdfUniversity of GarmianJournal of Garmian University231000879Special Issue20220401Harvesting water in the Shore Valley and ways to develop it using GIS technologiesHarvesting water in the Shore Valley and ways to develop it using GIS technologies17519014916510.24271/jgu.2022.149165KUFalah Satarجامعة كرميان/كلية العلوم/قسم الكيمياءSaleh Aliالمديرية العامة لتربية ديالىOthman Abdulrhmansocial science , University of garmian, kalar, Kurdistan, iraq0000-0001-6597-1383Journal Article20220502The process of harvesting water in dry and dry areas is necessary and necessary to face drought, lack of rain and scarcity of water sources in order to resist the environmental degradation that accompanied successive drought cycles on large areas of the globe and the Middle East and Iraq part of it, and it is no secret to one of the climate oscillations, especially in the rainfall in Iraq, which made the introduction of incentives to harvest water and expand it from rainfall in these areas in order to benefit from supplementary irrigation and other uses And the development of those areas. The Shore Valley includes many valleys and seasonal sewage systems where the harvesting of water is carried out naturally and also by human intervention in the wake of severe rain storms or continued rainfall, if water flows from high areas to low-lying areas by the seasonal sewage system and valleys problem waterways invested by farmers in agriculture or water harvesting by human intervention and investment in the development of basin areas, The basin is located in the northeast of Diyala province in The Kfary district, which is currently under the administration of Kerman, Sulaimaniyah province, in the districts of Cox and Serkal, the bulk of which is located in Cox District, where the area of the basin (174,108 km2) and the extension of the basin (from South of 7Dni point has a north-to-north point where the basin expands northward to east and west where the shape of the basin takes the form of the pear) and the highest point in which it reaches (397 m) meters above sea level, and falls In the northeast of the basin and the lowest point (150 m) above sea level in the south and southeast of the basin, while the ocean of the basin (70.5257 km), the length of the basin (27.20 km) and the width of the basin (14.22 km).<br />Astronomically, the basin is located in two latitudes ("20'26°34-20'40°34) north and two length lines ("20'11°45-"40'02°45) to the east and the river branching network of seasonal valleys ends in the main valley, called the Shore Valley, where it heads east and south-east to pour into the Sirwan River.The process of harvesting water in dry and dry areas is necessary and necessary to face drought, lack of rain and scarcity of water sources in order to resist the environmental degradation that accompanied successive drought cycles on large areas of the globe and the Middle East and Iraq part of it, and it is no secret to one of the climate oscillations, especially in the rainfall in Iraq, which made the introduction of incentives to harvest water and expand it from rainfall in these areas in order to benefit from supplementary irrigation and other uses And the development of those areas. The Shore Valley includes many valleys and seasonal sewage systems where the harvesting of water is carried out naturally and also by human intervention in the wake of severe rain storms or continued rainfall, if water flows from high areas to low-lying areas by the seasonal sewage system and valleys problem waterways invested by farmers in agriculture or water harvesting by human intervention and investment in the development of basin areas, The basin is located in the northeast of Diyala province in The Kfary district, which is currently under the administration of Kerman, Sulaimaniyah province, in the districts of Cox and Serkal, the bulk of which is located in Cox District, where the area of the basin (174,108 km2) and the extension of the basin (from South of 7Dni point has a north-to-north point where the basin expands northward to east and west where the shape of the basin takes the form of the pear) and the highest point in which it reaches (397 m) meters above sea level, and falls In the northeast of the basin and the lowest point (150 m) above sea level in the south and southeast of the basin, while the ocean of the basin (70.5257 km), the length of the basin (27.20 km) and the width of the basin (14.22 km).<br />Astronomically, the basin is located in two latitudes ("20'26°34-20'40°34) north and two length lines ("20'11°45-"40'02°45) to the east and the river branching network of seasonal valleys ends in the main valley, called the Shore Valley, where it heads east and south-east to pour into the Sirwan River.https://jgu.garmian.edu.krd/article_149165_b3312576740275729d1e94ed92116632.pdfUniversity of GarmianJournal of Garmian University231000879Special Issue20220401The impact of drought on soil pollution (Sulaymaniyah district as a model)The impact of drought on soil pollution (Sulaymaniyah district as a model)19121014916810.24271/jgu.2022.149168KUNakhshan M. Rostam Khanجامعە کرمیان - كلية اللغات و العلوم الأنسانيةMuhammed Mahmoodجامعە کرمیان - كلية اللغات و العلوم الأنسانيةHayder Mohammed Issaجامعە کرمیان - كلية اللغات و العلوم الأنسانيةJournal Article20220502The study area is located in northeastern Iraq, between latitudes (35ᴼ,50.16 - 35, 47,30ᴼ) in the north and longitudes (44ᴼ,57,20 - 45ᴼ, 44.03) in the east, with an area of (1407 km2), administratively represented by the center of The city of Sulaymaniyah and its environs (Bazian, Tangro, Bakrajo). The district is bordered by the Dokan district to the north, Qardagh and Chamchamal district to the west, Jawarta district (Sharpazir) to the east, and Shahrazour and Sayed Sadiq districts to the south. The deterioration in many of its parts, due to pollution by recurring drought years and the cold season, as it helps to raise the polluting elements of the soil of the study area due to various human activities. Therefore, the research aims to show the extent of the impact of the dry season on the increase in the concentrations of soil polluting elements in The study area in terms of physical and chemical properties. The study relied on the inductive and deductive approach, and they were linked by the method of scientific-geographical analysis, and in order to achieve the goal of the research. Data were collected through a field survey of the area and collected (30) samples in the summer season and (30) samples in The winter season, and it was analyzed in the laboratory, using the (XRD) device to detect metal concentrations in the soil, in addition to a number of other devices and tools. The soil of the study area in general is a soil with a soft to medium texture, and this type of tissue contributes in drought conditions to the sequestration of heavy and toxic minerals and elements more than the coarse texture. There is also a discrepancy in the distribution of the concentrations of chemical elements temporally in the study area, the concentrations of the elements increased Harmful chemical and metallic minerals during the month of July and decreased during the month of January, as the study showed that the climatic elements represented by high temperatures and evaporation have a role in soil pollution because they contribute to changing the physical properties (EC, PH) and an increase in the concentrations of chemical elements in July more than in January, including (CO, NI, Ca, Fe, Cd, Cr, k). The study recommends preserving soil fertility and maintaining it from the problems it faces (erosion, erosion, pollution) because neglecting it leads to the expansion of the problem, treating sewage before discharging it into river valleys within the study area, which often relies its water in the summer for irrigation, to ensure the use of water Treatment in the dry period, and increasing plant density, such as afforestation of slopes and valleys, helps in absorbing part of the pollutants and increasing their fertility.The study area is located in northeastern Iraq, between latitudes (35ᴼ,50.16 - 35, 47,30ᴼ) in the north and longitudes (44ᴼ,57,20 - 45ᴼ, 44.03) in the east, with an area of (1407 km2), administratively represented by the center of The city of Sulaymaniyah and its environs (Bazian, Tangro, Bakrajo). The district is bordered by the Dokan district to the north, Qardagh and Chamchamal district to the west, Jawarta district (Sharpazir) to the east, and Shahrazour and Sayed Sadiq districts to the south. The deterioration in many of its parts, due to pollution by recurring drought years and the cold season, as it helps to raise the polluting elements of the soil of the study area due to various human activities. Therefore, the research aims to show the extent of the impact of the dry season on the increase in the concentrations of soil polluting elements in The study area in terms of physical and chemical properties. The study relied on the inductive and deductive approach, and they were linked by the method of scientific-geographical analysis, and in order to achieve the goal of the research. Data were collected through a field survey of the area and collected (30) samples in the summer season and (30) samples in The winter season, and it was analyzed in the laboratory, using the (XRD) device to detect metal concentrations in the soil, in addition to a number of other devices and tools. The soil of the study area in general is a soil with a soft to medium texture, and this type of tissue contributes in drought conditions to the sequestration of heavy and toxic minerals and elements more than the coarse texture. There is also a discrepancy in the distribution of the concentrations of chemical elements temporally in the study area, the concentrations of the elements increased Harmful chemical and metallic minerals during the month of July and decreased during the month of January, as the study showed that the climatic elements represented by high temperatures and evaporation have a role in soil pollution because they contribute to changing the physical properties (EC, PH) and an increase in the concentrations of chemical elements in July more than in January, including (CO, NI, Ca, Fe, Cd, Cr, k). The study recommends preserving soil fertility and maintaining it from the problems it faces (erosion, erosion, pollution) because neglecting it leads to the expansion of the problem, treating sewage before discharging it into river valleys within the study area, which often relies its water in the summer for irrigation, to ensure the use of water Treatment in the dry period, and increasing plant density, such as afforestation of slopes and valleys, helps in absorbing part of the pollutants and increasing their fertility.University of GarmianJournal of Garmian University231000879Special Issue20220401الحماية القانونيـــــــــة للبيئة من الجفاف والتصحرالحماية القانونيـــــــــة للبيئة من الجفاف والتصحر21123714916910.24271/jgu.2022.149169KUBayan Ibrahimمجلس الوزراء في إقليم كوردستانSarbast Bajalanقسم القانون فی جامعة گرمیان0000-0002-8871-8791Journal Article20220502تعتبر ظاهرة الجفاف والتصحر من المشكلات البيئية الخطيرة التي تفاقمت نتيجة العوامل البشرية في ظل الظروف المناخية القاسية، والتي تجاوزت نتائجها الحدود الدولية ووصلت الى رحابة الظواهر العالمية الكبرى، نظراً لانها تهدد البيئة الطبيعية للإنسان كالتربة المنتجة للغذاء والماء والهواء الصافي والحياة النباتية والحيوانية، فمن هذا المنطلق يسعى النظام القانوني الى الحماية البيئة ومنع الاعتداء عليها بإعتبارها قيمة عليا من قيممجتمع لابد من الحفاظ عليها ، وذلك من خلال القواعد القانونية .تعتبر ظاهرة الجفاف والتصحر من المشكلات البيئية الخطيرة التي تفاقمت نتيجة العوامل البشرية في ظل الظروف المناخية القاسية، والتي تجاوزت نتائجها الحدود الدولية ووصلت الى رحابة الظواهر العالمية الكبرى، نظراً لانها تهدد البيئة الطبيعية للإنسان كالتربة المنتجة للغذاء والماء والهواء الصافي والحياة النباتية والحيوانية، فمن هذا المنطلق يسعى النظام القانوني الى الحماية البيئة ومنع الاعتداء عليها بإعتبارها قيمة عليا من قيممجتمع لابد من الحفاظ عليها ، وذلك من خلال القواعد القانونية .https://jgu.garmian.edu.krd/article_149169_54d7286487294bd6135dde2f91ebc2ed.pdfUniversity of GarmianJournal of Garmian University231000879Special Issue20220401A geographical analysis of the problem of desertification and drought in the southern Iraqi desert.A geographical analysis of the problem of desertification and drought in the southern Iraqi desert.23826214917010.24271/jgu.2022.149170KUSarhan Alkhafajeجامعة المثنى-كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانيةJournal Article20220502The research aims to study and analyze the phenomenon of desertification and drought that the Badia suffers from in the south of Iraq within the administrative borders of the governorates of Diwaniyah, Najaf, Muthanna and Basra, which are part of the western plateau of Iraq, as large parts of the Badia suffer from the problem of desertification and drought, which has led to the damage of hundreds The arable and actually cultivated dunums due to the continuous encroachment of this phenomenon and the corresponding significant weakness in the measures taken to reduce it, in addition to the fact that the entire area is under the influence of complete drought. The desertification of the Badia has led to a change in the environmental characteristics, which led to the creation of more desert and drier conditions. The climatic changes and the accompanying decline in rainfall in recent years, the significant rise in temperatures, the intensity of wind erosion, the removal of natural vegetation, overgrazing and dust Storms storms have all exacerbated the phenomenon of desertification in the Badia. Thus, it is considered in the region a dynamic, self-spreading process whose danger increases or decreases, its areas expand or contract according to the degree of stress or imbalance that affects the ecological balance in it. It has natural and human causes that have exacerbated it in recent yearsThe research aims to study and analyze the phenomenon of desertification and drought that the Badia suffers from in the south of Iraq within the administrative borders of the governorates of Diwaniyah, Najaf, Muthanna and Basra, which are part of the western plateau of Iraq, as large parts of the Badia suffer from the problem of desertification and drought, which has led to the damage of hundreds The arable and actually cultivated dunums due to the continuous encroachment of this phenomenon and the corresponding significant weakness in the measures taken to reduce it, in addition to the fact that the entire area is under the influence of complete drought. The desertification of the Badia has led to a change in the environmental characteristics, which led to the creation of more desert and drier conditions. The climatic changes and the accompanying decline in rainfall in recent years, the significant rise in temperatures, the intensity of wind erosion, the removal of natural vegetation, overgrazing and dust Storms storms have all exacerbated the phenomenon of desertification in the Badia. Thus, it is considered in the region a dynamic, self-spreading process whose danger increases or decreases, its areas expand or contract according to the degree of stress or imbalance that affects the ecological balance in it. It has natural and human causes that have exacerbated it in recent yearsUniversity of GarmianJournal of Garmian University231000879Special Issue20220401Historical Overview of Air Temperature of Kurdistan Region -Iraq from 1973 to 2017Historical Overview of Air Temperature of Kurdistan Region -Iraq from 1973 to 201726327114917110.24271/jgu.2022.149171KUFarhad AzizDepartment of Environmental Sciences and Health, College of Science, Salahaddin University-ErbilRezan RasheedDepartment of Biology, College of Science, University of SulaimaniAlwan AhmedDepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Science, Knowledge UniversityJournal Article20220502Kurdistan air temperature records from 1973 to 2018. Kurdistan's climate is marked by daily and annual temperature and rainfall variations. Kurdistan's environmental and climatic conditions vary due to its latitude and altitude, ranging from Mandali at 150 m to Halgurd (Hasarost) at 3607 m. In Iraq, the Kurdistan Region is located between latitude 34-37 and longitude 41-46.<br />Remarkably, Sulaimani is the coldest and wettest province. In 1982, the annual average temperature was 12.45 °C. In 2017, Erbil, Kurdistan's capital, reached 25°C, with an annual mean of 19.05°C. Kurdistan's average temperature change was 2.09 °C. From ancient times to the present, the world average temperature was less than one (0.80 <sup>o</sup>C). The Washington Post reported in 2021 that Iraq's temperature had risen 4.1 degrees Fahrenheit (2.27 °C) since the turn of the century. However, the average global surface temperature rose by 0.75°C (1.3 <sup>o</sup>F). From October 31 to November 14, 2021, over 200 countries agreed to intensify efforts to keep global temperatures below 2 °C.Kurdistan air temperature records from 1973 to 2018. Kurdistan's climate is marked by daily and annual temperature and rainfall variations. Kurdistan's environmental and climatic conditions vary due to its latitude and altitude, ranging from Mandali at 150 m to Halgurd (Hasarost) at 3607 m. In Iraq, the Kurdistan Region is located between latitude 34-37 and longitude 41-46.<br />Remarkably, Sulaimani is the coldest and wettest province. In 1982, the annual average temperature was 12.45 °C. In 2017, Erbil, Kurdistan's capital, reached 25°C, with an annual mean of 19.05°C. Kurdistan's average temperature change was 2.09 °C. From ancient times to the present, the world average temperature was less than one (0.80 <sup>o</sup>C). The Washington Post reported in 2021 that Iraq's temperature had risen 4.1 degrees Fahrenheit (2.27 °C) since the turn of the century. However, the average global surface temperature rose by 0.75°C (1.3 <sup>o</sup>F). From October 31 to November 14, 2021, over 200 countries agreed to intensify efforts to keep global temperatures below 2 °C.https://jgu.garmian.edu.krd/article_149171_641b78cd18e56e9653aa7c896f39e3e6.pdfUniversity of GarmianJournal of Garmian University231000879Special Issue20220401Iranian Tropical Water Project on Sirwan River and its impacts on some environmental aspects in Garmian RegionIranian Tropical Water Project on Sirwan River and its impacts on some environmental aspects in Garmian Region27228714917210.24271/jgu.2022.149172KUAbdulmutalib SarhatChemistry Dept., University of Garmian, Kalar, Iraq0000-0002-8020-4462Journal Article20220502Sirwan River is regarded as a lifeline for Garmian Region. The prevailing climate in the areas that the river goes through is a semi-dry. Iran proceeded lately to establish water projects, dams and reservoirs along the river inside Iran without taking into account the Iraq`s shares. The TWP project consists of (13) dams with a capacity of (1.7) billion m3, and a number of diversion tunnels which are constructed on Sirwan River. Nousod tunnel is a part of TWP and one of the largest tunnels dedicated for water converting around the world. It was constructed to convert more than (70) m3/sec of water from TWP dams to outside of Sirwan River basin. The Iraqi Kurdistan Region is one of the hardest hit of those Iranian policies, specifically Garmian area that will suffer from major crises as a result of draining some of the headwaters of Sirwan River. Thus, the problem of water shortage will appear and negatively affect the agricultural sector. This will lead to decline agricultural areas that fed by the river. In addition, agricultural production will be reduced, and there will be difficulty to address the declining in the required amount of water in the study area.Sirwan River is regarded as a lifeline for Garmian Region. The prevailing climate in the areas that the river goes through is a semi-dry. Iran proceeded lately to establish water projects, dams and reservoirs along the river inside Iran without taking into account the Iraq`s shares. The TWP project consists of (13) dams with a capacity of (1.7) billion m3, and a number of diversion tunnels which are constructed on Sirwan River. Nousod tunnel is a part of TWP and one of the largest tunnels dedicated for water converting around the world. It was constructed to convert more than (70) m3/sec of water from TWP dams to outside of Sirwan River basin. The Iraqi Kurdistan Region is one of the hardest hit of those Iranian policies, specifically Garmian area that will suffer from major crises as a result of draining some of the headwaters of Sirwan River. Thus, the problem of water shortage will appear and negatively affect the agricultural sector. This will lead to decline agricultural areas that fed by the river. In addition, agricultural production will be reduced, and there will be difficulty to address the declining in the required amount of water in the study area.https://jgu.garmian.edu.krd/article_149172_d324954e79768f38a2048bd119a0c66d.pdf