جۆری توێژینه‌وه‌ : Original Article

نوسه‌ران

1 Department of psychology, Tehran Center Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of psychology, Tehran Center Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

پوخته‌

The lack of success in acquiring reading skills in early school years can deeply prevent students from achievement in most other educational subjects. Research shows that most of children with reading and learning complications suffer from problems in auditory processing. It may therefore be suitable for those who have reading difficulties be treated with sound therapy. This study aimed to assess the effect of sound therapy on reading skills of students with reading difficulties. This study was a quasi-experimental design with pre-posttest and control group. The sample group was 20 students who were studying in elementary school (third grade). They were selected by available sampling method and assigned randomly to two experimental and control groups. Data were collected by Reading & Dyslexia Test (Karami nori & Moradi 1378). After pre-test the experimental group for 20 sessions was trained by sound therapy while the control group received no intervention. Then, all the subjects were tested by post-test. The statistical models were the Analyze of Covariance (ANCOVA). In the post-test, mean of reading skills in experimental group decreased significantly. This difference also was significant for all subscales of reading skills except Rhyme and Reading non-words (p=0.07, 0.96). The findings show that sound therapy has significant effect on reading skills and in students with reading difficulties.

وشه‌ بنچینه‌ییه‌كان

AbediKoupaei M, Poushaneh K, Zade Mohammadi A, Siampour N. (2013). Sound Therapy: an Experimental Study with Autistic Children. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 84: 626 – 630.
Ahissar M, Protopapas A, Reid M, Merzenich MM. (2000). Auditory processing parallels reading abilities in adults. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97: 6832-6837.
Allah Radi M, Modaresi L, Mohammadi E. (2001). Study and comparison of visual perceptions, auditory and visual and sequencing memory and phonological awareness skills in children with dyslexia and normal children[dissertation]. Tehran Iran: univ of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences.  
Alpiner J, McCarthy G, Patricia A. (2000). Rehabilitative audiology:children and adults.Third Edition. Maryland (USA), Lipicott Williams & wills; 120-128.
Behmard F, Estaki M, Ashayeri H, Asadpour H. (2013). The effectiveness of gross and fine motor training on reducing symptoms of dyslexia. Journal of learning disabilities. 2(2): 25-32
Corbera S, Corral MJ, Escera C, Idiazábal MA. (2005)Abnormal speech sound representation in developmental stuttering. Neurology. 65:1246-1252.
Escera Carles. Neural mechanisms underlying Forbrain® effects. (2014);  available from: https://www.forbrain.com/uploads/editor/files/University_of_Barcelona_Neural_m echanisms_underlying_Frobrain_effects.pdf
Garcia VL, Pereira LD, Fukuda Y. (2007). Selective attention: psi performance in children with learning disabilities. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology. 73(3):404-11
Gerritsen J. A review of research done on Tomatis auditory stimulation. (2009). Avalable from:  http://www.sacarin.com/code/Review%20of%20Tomatis%20Research.pdf
                       
Guerrero BA. (2015). Forbrain®’s effect on the reading process[dissertation]. Madrid Spine:UNIR (Universidad Internacional de La Rioja - Universidad en Internet.
Hämäläinen J.A,   Salminen H.K,  Leppänen P.H. (2012). Basic Auditory Processing Deficits in Dyslexia Systematic Review of the Behavioral and Event-Related Potential/ Field Evidence. Journal of Learning Disabilities. 46(5): 1-8.
Hautus MJ, Setchell GJ, Waldie KE, Kirk IJ. (2003). Age-related improvements in auditory temporal resolution in reading impaired children. Dyslexia. 9: 37-45.
Heiervang E, Stevenson J, Hugdahl K. (2002). Auditory processing in children with dyslexia. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines. 43: 931- 938.
Juadry P, Juadry R. (2009). Sound Therapy Music to Recharge your brain. Australia: 15- 230.
Law J, Dennis J.A, Charlton JV. (2017). Speech and language therapy interventions for children with primary speech and/or language disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Available from: http://cochranelibrary- wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012490/full.
Layeghian Javan MJ, Jahanshiri M, Montazeriyan F. (2016). Effect of listening skills games on strengthening auditory memory, auditory sensitivity and Children's learning disability dictate treatment. 6th International Congress on Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tabriz, Iran.
Meng X, Sai X, Wang C, Wang J, Sha Sh, Zhou X.  (2005). Auditory and speech processing and reading development in Chinese school children: behavioural and ERP evidence. Dyslexia. 11(4): 292-310.
Moretti R, Bava A, Torre P, Antonello RM, Cazzato G. (2002). Reading errors in patients with cerebellar vertnis lesions. Journal of Neurology. 249(4): 461-468.
Norena AJ, Gourevitch B, Aizawa N, Eggermont JJ. (2006). Spectrally enhanced acoustic environment disrupts frequency representation in cat auditory cortex. Nature Neuroscience. 9(7): 932-9.
Palomo-Álvarez C, Puell MC.  (2009). Relationship between oculomotor scanning determined by the DEM test and a contextual reading test in schoolchildren with
                        
reading difficulties. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 247: 1243–1249.
Partanen M, Fitzpatrick K, Mädler B, Edgell D, Bjornson B, Giaschi DE. (2012). Cortical basis for dichotic pitch perception in developmental dyslexia. Brain Lang. 123(2):104-12.
Pienkowski M, Eggermont, JJ. (2012). Reversible long-term changes in auditory processing in mature auditory cortex in the absence of hearing loss induced by passive, moderate-level sound exposure. 2012; 33(3): 305-314.
Sadeghi A, Rabiee M, Abedi MR. (2011). Validation and Reliability of the Whechsler Intelligence scale for children- IV. Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologist. 7(28): 377-386.
Sen HS. (2009). The relationsip between the use of metacognitive strategies and reading comprehension. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences. 1(15): 2301–2305.
Steinbrink C, Ackermann H, Lachmann T, Riecker A.(2009). Contribution of the anterior insula to temporal auditory processing deficits in developmental dyslexia. Hum Brain Mapp.30(8):2401-11.